Emberizoidae II

Passerines

Tyranni: Suboscines

Passeri: Oscines

Passerida

Sylvioidea
Muscicapoidea and allies
Passeroidea

The 44 Orders

Paleognaths

Galloanserae

Metaves

Pelecanae

Charadriae

Passerae

Emberizoidae

Sibley and Monroe (1990) used the name “Emberizinae” for the remaining species. They were using an absolute measure of genetic distance to separate families and other groups. By the time you get here, everything is closely enough related to fit in a single Sibley-Monroe subfamily. In fact, even all of the nine-primaried oscines end up in the same family!

I use terms such as order and family in an ordinal, not cardinal, fashion. This lets me refer to the Sibley-Monroe “Emberizinae” as the epifamily Emberizoidae. This gives me a little more headroom, but as you will see below, I'm still running out of levels.

All but two of the families in Emberizoidae are restricted to New World. The exceptions are Calcariidae and Emberizidae itself. The latter seems to have its origin in the New World.

Calcariidae: Longspurs, Snow Buntings

2 genera, 6 species Not HBW Family

Calcariidae tree Genetic evidence shows the longspurs and snow buntings are not sparrows in the narrow sense (Emberizidae). Rather, they should be placed in their own family, Calcariidae, which is a basal branch in the Emberizoidae (Klicka et al., 2003). It was also necessary to revive Rhynchophanes for McCown's Longspur in order to avoid lumping the whole family in one genus. Putting snow buntings and longspurs in one genus just didn't seem right.

The structure as found by Klicka et al. (2003) is that Rhynchophanes and Plectrophenax are sister genera, and the two together are sister to Calcarius.

Emberizid Group

The remaining Emberizoidae fall into two groups, an emberizid group containing the sparrows, blackbirds, and wood-warblers, and a thraupid group consisting of the cardinals and tanagers. The exact limits of most of these families have been the subject of a lot of research. Although we mostly know the boundaries of these families, we are still uncertain about where a few genera go.

Although they are generally considered tanagers, there is little doubt that Lamprospiza and Mitrospingus are not tanagers. Burns (1997) already found they lie outside the tanagers, and perhaps sister to Chlorospingus, now known to be a sparrow. Taxon sampling outside the tanagers was sparse, so Burns could not accurately place them. Yuri and Mindell (2002) provided additional evidence that they were not tanagers. The same was true of Burns et al. (2003).

Klicka et al. (2007) has good sampling of all the relevant groups. They found Mitrospingus sister to the rest of the Emberizid group, and that is where we put it. Whether Lamprospiza is sister to Mitrospingus is considerably less certain. They probably belong near each other in the linear order, but that may not be true as the phylogenetic tree branches. It is possible that two families are needed!

The topology of the remaining families in the Emberizid group is still unclear. Klicka et al. (2003) had Parulidae sister to Passerellidae. The possibilities include having Parulidae and Iceteridae as sisters, or Emberizidae and Icteridae. Klicka et al. (2007) has Emberizidae and Passerellidae sister, with Icteridae sister to that, and Paruliade sister to the rest. That results in the linear order used here: Parulidae, Icteridae, Emberizidae, Passerellidae.

Lamprospizidae: Lamprospiza and Mitrospingus

2 genera, 3 species Not HBW Family

Parulidae: Wood-warblers

33 genera, 131 species HBW-15

Although warbler taxonomy has not yet been fully worked out, much is known about the core warblers, and in many cases we can put together a decent species-level arrangement. However, there are several species, including the Yellow-breasted Chat and Zeledonia, whose membership in Parulidae is controversial. In this taxonomy they are joined by some species whose membership is somewhat speculative.

Before getting to the warblers themselves, there are two non-warbler genera to consider. One is Peucedramus, the Olive Warbler, which is now placed in its own monotypic family near the accentors (Prunellidae). The other genus is Granatellus. Klicka et al. (2007) show that the Granatellus chats belong to the Cardinalidae.

Parulidae tree
Click for genus-level tree
for Parulidae

Klicka et al. (2007) seems to be the only paper that examines the basal warblers in combination with adequate sampling of nearby families. Putting their results together with other available information suggests there are 3 basal clades, which I distinguish as subfamilies. The two most basal subfamilies are entirely West Indian.

The division of Parulinae into tribes is based on Lovette and Bermingham (2002), Klein et al. (2004), and Lovette and Hochachka (2006). I've relied more heavily on the last paper as it analyzes more data from more genes. Be warned that the position of some taxa is not stable in these papers, which means its not reliable here either.

Phaenicophilinae

The first subfamily includes the Microligea and Xenoligea warblers of Hispaniola. Although it is far from conclusive, there is evidence that the Phaenicophilus Palm-Tanagers of Hispaniola are their nearest relatives. The papers by Burns (1997), Yuri and Mindell (2002), and Burns et al. (2003) placed them near Spindalis, Nesospingus, and Chlorospingus, with Cholorospingus in the sparrow direction. Klein et al. (2004) found them in a clade with Microligea and Xenoligea. Based on Klicka et al. (2007), I'm guessing that Cholorospingus only grouped near the others because they were the closest thing to sparrows (Yuri and Mindell included one sparrow, and Chlorospingus ended up between the sparrow and Spindalis). Klicka et al. (2007) have Chlorospingus nested in the sparrows, as do García-Moreno et al. (2001). The Hispaniolan genus Calyptophilus is thought to be related to Phaenicophilus, so it goes in here too. I collect these species together in the subfamily Phaenicophilinae.

Teretistrinae

The same collection of papers indicates that the Puerto Rican Nesopspingus groups with Spindalis while Klicka et al. have Spindalis sister to with Cuban Teretistris. Finally, Semper's Warbler (Leucopeza) of St. Lucia is usually considered close to Teretistris. Accordingly, I have grouped these in a second subfamily, Teretistrinae. Once again, these are all West Indian species. It is quite possible that the warblers originated in that area, then spread to North or Central America, with multiple colonizations of South America coming later.

Icteriinae

The third basal group in Klicka et al. (2007) contains only two species, the Central American Zeledonia and the Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria), which breeds in North America and winters primarly in Mexico and Cental America. At first, this seems like a completely crazy grouping, but there are some similarities. Both are big warblers (Zeledonia doesn't look that way in the field guides, but it does in person; it is a heavy warbler and the short length is due more to the short tail than to the size of the bird). They are also both skulkers. Finally, although there ended up as sisters in the Klicka et al. tree, they are not much more closely related to each other than to the core Parulidae. These two species form the subfamily Icteriidae (not to be confused with Icteridae!).

Parulinae: The Core Warblers

We now come to the core warblers: Parulinae. There are two basal species. First, the Ovenbird, which is not closely related to the waterthrushes after all (they have been moved to the new genus Parkesia, proposed by Sangster, 2008b). Next in sequence is the Worm-eating Warbler. The remaining warblers are then divided into 4 groups, here called Vermivorini, Basileuterini, Geothlypini, and Parulini.

Seiurini

Helmitherini

Vermivorini

Vermivorini tree The first Parulinae tribe is Vermivorini, which appears as a clade in Lovette and Hochachka (2006). (Although Bachman's Warbler was not part of their analysis, I think it is safe to put it here.). There seems to be consensus that Protonotaria and Limnothlypis are sisters. Mniotilta itself is one of the taxa that moves around. In one tree, Klein et al. (2004) had it in the position shown here, in the other it was in a different branch. There are similar issues involving Vermivora. Note also that Vermivora has been divided into two pieces: Vermivora and Leiothlypis.

Like the Ovenbird and Worm-eating Warbler, the Vermivorini all breed in North America, and except for the Black-and-white Warbler, and their winter grounds center on Central America and the West Indies, including the Caribbean coast of South America. Although the species may have changed a bit, these divisions likely predate the joining of the Americas.

Basileuterini

Basileuterini tree

The Basileuterini are the warblers that moved into South America in a big way. Phaeothlypis and Basileuterus are the basal groups in this clade (Euthlypis has been merged into Basileuterus here). Both are strongly South American in distribution. The taxonomy of these two genera has not been worked out in detail and some adjustment may be required. In fact, whether they are even separate genera is still up in the air. Some of the species also need further study. Lovette (2004) examined the Riverside/Buff-rumped Warbler complex without coming to any firm conclusion about which races belong to which warbler, or whether they should all be lumped into one or split into as many as four species.

Thanks to Pérez-Emán (2005), we have a nice species-level tree for the rest of the Basileuterini. They consist of two parts, a North and Middle American group including two “Wilsonia”, and the Myioborus whitestarts. (Although I follow AOU in making redstart the primary name in this list, I am not comfortable using it in the field and much prefer whitestart as used by Curson et al. (1994), Ridgely and Greenfield (2001), and Hilty (2003).) Note that the two “Wilsonia” need new genus names.

At first this seemed a strange pairing, but it's really not too hard to imagine kinship between the Canada Warbler and Spectacled Whitestart, or for that matter between Wilson's and Red-faced Warbler, once you look past the color scheme.

Within Myioborus, the Painted Redstart is basal, and the lower elevation Slate-throated Redstart is basal among the rest. This suggests a separate movement into South America for Myioborus. The remaining Myioborus are mainly higher-elevation species. The higher elevation areas are separated, and the species differentiation reflects this. There are some issues concerning species boundaries: whether or not to lump ornatus and melanocephalus, and whether or not to lump or partially lump the Tepui clade. If ornatus and melanocephalus are kept separate, the Ecuadorian subspecies M. m. ruficoronatus should be moved to ornatus.

Geothlypini

Geothlypini tree

This version of Geothlypini is based on Lovette and Hochachka (2006), mainly because they use more data. Klein et al. (2004) put the two parts of Geothlypini in different places, but with low support. One piece of Geothlypini is restricted to Middle and North America. It consists of Oreothlypis (formerly part of of Parula) and the dull Vermivora, now called Leiothlypis (Sangster, 2008a). Although the position of this clade is somewhat uncertain, the arrangement of species inside it is pretty good. The main issue concerns the Nashville Warbler, which shows up in two different places.

The other portion of Geothlypini consists of Oporornis and Geothlypis. Although Oporornis breeds in North American, the Geothlypis yellowthroats have moved into South America as well as North.

Geothlypis and Oporornis have sometimes been thought congeneric. Lovette and Bermingham (2002) and Lovette and Hochachka (2006) found Geothlypis nested within Oporornis. Escalante et al. (2009) helps clarify the situation, and suggests calling all of them Geothlypis as the best solution.

Due to the shape of the tree, the only one that can take the name Oporornis is the type species, the Connecticut Warbler. The Kentucky Warbler looks more like a yellowthroat than it does like Connecticut, so I'm happy enough including it in Geothlypis. Some plumages of MacGillivray's and Mourning are tough to distinguish from yellowthroats, so I'm not opposed to rolling them in too. The Connecticut is more distinctive. Besides, it walks! So for now, I'm leaving it in Oporornis.

There are some other changes based on Escalante et al. (2009) too. The Chiriqui Yellowthroat, Geothlypis chiriquensis, Black-lored Yellowthroat, Geothlypis auricularis, and Southern Yellowthroat, Geothlypis velata (including peruviana), are all split from Masked Yellowthroat, Geothlypis aequinoctialis. The SACC had previously rejected this split, the case is now stronger. They had pointed to greater geographic variation in the Common Yellowthroat, but Common Yellowthroat has a more or less continuous range, while these taxa are separated. If they were on islands, there would be no question about splitting them, and I think the same rule should apply. The case of the Chiriqui Yellowthroat is different. It is not really part of the aequinoctialis group, being more closely related to semiflava. We could merge it into semiflava, but it seems too distinct for that and has been considered a separate species. The Central American race of semiflava, bairdi is actually closer to chiriquensis than to South American semiflava, so it gets split too. The name Baird's Yellowthroat has previously been applied to Geothlypis bairdi and I use it here.

Parulini

The rest of the wood-warblers comprise the Parulini. Most are currently in the genus Dendroica, which has recently been studied by Rabosky and Lovette (2008). Everything after Hooded Warbler is congruent with their results. Lovette and Bermingham (1999), Lovette et al. (1999), Klein et al. (2004), and Lovette and Hochachka (2006) were consulted to fill in the gaps. I placed some of the relatively basal species in a polytomy as there is limited information about where exactly they fit.

The waterthrushes are the basal group. Of course, they were formerly grouped with the Ovenbird, and so need a new genus name. Sangster (2008b) provided one: Parkesia. The next few species are West Indian. Unless everything but Parkesia is put in one genus (Parula has priority), they will need new genus names. Most of the rest of the Parulini are North American breeders and the winter ranges of some extend well into South America.

The core Dendroica start at point A. There are six clades. The basal one contains only Kirtland's Warbler. The clade at B also includes the remaining Parula. If we don't want to merge the Dendroica into Parula, tigrina and cerulea would be moved to Parula and kirtlandii would need a new genus. It might make sense to at least name subgenera for clades C, D, E, and the Black-throated Blue Warbler (in a clade by itself), as this would better represent the phylogenetic tree.

The Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia, has sometimes been divided into as many as three species. The paper by Klein and Brown (1994) threw cold water on that idea as their genetic results suggested that many of the Mangrove and Golden races were mixed together in a clade, and that one of the west coast Mangrove races (apparently castaneiceps) was more closely related to the northern group. However, they analyzed only a small gene fragment, and these results could be misleading.

A more recent analysis by Boulet and Gibbs (2006) also found Mangrove and Golden races mixed in a clade. They did not study castaneiceps, but they did consider what appears to be sonorana. Interestingly, it groups in a clade with the Mangrove and Golden races, sister to the northern races. This suggests that there may be two species, Yellow Warbler, Dendroica aestiva, and Golden (or Mangrove?) Warbler, Dendroica petechia, with sonorana and all of the Mangrove races included in the latter.

That is not the end of the story. Browne et al. (2008) examined the Galapagos and Cocos Island birds. They found a lack of gene flow between them and the mainland, sufficient to suggest they are a separate biological species, Dendroica aureola. This would render petechia paraphyletic, but that is okay at the species level. It can and does occur as part of the process of speciation.

Nonetheless, I still have only a single species in the list. I am just not convinced that all of the pieces have been fully examined. For one, is sonorana really part of the petechia group? Ridgway (1902, p.499) commented that “where to draw the line between those which seem to be now specifically distinct and those which do not is a very difficult matter, regarding which probably no two authors would entirely agree.” That may still be true today.

The Yellow Warbler is not the only wood-warbler that may include multiple species. There are also issues with the Yellow-rumped Warbler, Dendroica coronata, but perhaps not just the ones you think. Milá et al. (2007) examined seven Yellow-rumped Warbler populations. They found that two of the southern races seem to be pretty isolated genetically speaking. In short, there is a good case for considering the allopatric Mexican and Guatemalan populations to be separate species: Black-fronted Warbler, Dendroica nigrifrons, and Goldman's Warbler, Dendroica goldmani, and I have split them accordingly. A question mark remains concerning the population from the Chiricahua and Huachuca mountains, as it is traditionally considered part of nigrifrons.

As for the Myrtle/Audubon's split, Milá et al. found evidence of fairly recent gene flow, arguing against species status. However, Brelsford and Irwin (2009) carefully examined a portion of the hybrid zone in Canada, and showed there are now substantial barriers to gene flow. This is strong evidence that the two are separate biological species, even though the separation between them is recent and genetically incomplete. As a result, I have also split them into the familiar Myrtle Warbler, Dendroica coronata, and Audubon's Warbler, Dendroica auduboni.

This is not the end of the story! The program of the 128th AOU meeting shows a paper by Brelsford, Milá, and Irwin that argues that Audubon's Warbler actually formed as a hybrid between the Myrtle and Black-fronted Warblers. This is particularly interesting as there are few documented cases of this sort of speciation among birds.

Based on McKay et al. (2010), I've split the Bahama Warbler, Dendroica flavescens, from the

  • Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica. These have long been candidates for a split as the Bahama Warbler is quite distinctive. McKay et al. provide new evidence that there are barriers to hybridization with the closely related Yellow-throated Warbler, even though the genetic differences are quite small indicating a fairly recent divergence.

    • Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
      Click for Parulini tree
      Click for Parulini tree
    • Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
    • Arrowhead Warbler, Dendroica pharetra
    • Whistling Warbler, Catharopeza bishopi
    • Elfin-woods Warbler, Dendroica angelae
    • Plumbeous Warbler, Dendroica plumbea
    • Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina
    • American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
    • Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii
    • Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina
    • Cerulean Warbler, Dendroica cerulea
    • Northern Parula, Parula americana
    • Tropical Parula, Parula pitiayumi
    • Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia
    • Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca
    • Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea
    • Yellow Warbler / American Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia
    • Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica
    • Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata
    • Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica caerulescens
    • Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum
    • Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica
    • Bahama Warbler, Dendroica flavescens
    • Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus
    • Olive-capped Warbler, Dendroica pityophila
    • Myrtle Warbler, Dendroica coronata
    • Audubon's Warbler, Dendroica auduboni
    • Black-fronted Warbler, Dendroica nigrifrons
    • Goldman's Warbler, Dendroica goldmani
    • Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor
    • Vitelline Warbler, Dendroica vitellina
    • Adelaide's Warbler, Dendroica adelaidae
    • Barbuda Warbler, Dendroica subita
    • St. Lucia Warbler, Dendroica delicata
    • Grace's Warbler, Dendroica graciae
    • Black-throated Gray Warbler, Dendroica nigrescens
    • Golden-cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia
    • Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens
    • Townsend's Warbler, Dendroica townsendi
    • Hermit Warbler, Dendroica occidentalis

    Icteridae: New World Blackbirds

    27 genera, 106 species HBW-16

    Icteridae tree
    Click for genus-level tree
    for Icteridae

    The blackbirds have not undergone quite the same taxonomic chaos that their close relatives have. It's generally been clear which birds are blackbirds and which are not. However, the internal structure of the family has required modification. The tribes are identified in Lanyon and Omland (1999), which is a fairly comprehensive genetic study of the family. Unfortunately, their results did not reveal how they fit together. For that, I use Klicka et al. (2007).

    Lanyon and Omland (1999) included a fair amount of detail about the arrangement of species, but didn't sequence everything. For that, several more detailed papers are available. Omland et al. (1999) covers the Icterini. Several papers by Price and Lanyon (2002a, b; 2004) investigate the Cacicini. The Agelaiinae are the subject of Johnson and Lanyon (1999), which Cadena et al. complete by including Hypopyrrhus. Barker et al. clarify the species relationships within Agelaius (2008a) and Sturnella (2008b).

    The Quiscalini were studied by Lanyon and Omland (1999), DaCosta et al. (2008), and Powell et al. (2008), and all of the current species have been sequenced. Both DaCosta et al. and Powell et al. found that the Great-tailed Grackle complex contains two groups, and that the Boat-tailed Grackle is sister to the eastern Great-tailed Grackles. Powell et al. also found that the Slender-billed Grackle was sister to the western Great-tailed Grackles. The two Great-tailed Grackle groups seem to interbreed freely where they meet in the southwestern US, and so constitute a biological species, even though they are a paraphyletic group. I've left these three grackle species in a trichotomy because of this complex relationship. Powell et al. also note that the Carib Grackle seems to include more than one species. How many more is not yet known.

    Some reorganization of genera has been required. In the Cacicini, the Yellow-winged Cacique, Cacicus melanicterus, is basal according to Price and Lanyon (2004), and is accordingly placed in the monotypic genus Cassiculus. They also found that Casqued Oropendola, Clypicterus oseryi, and Band-tailed Oropendola, Ocyalus latirostris, are embedded in Cacicus. Finally, the Solitary Black Cacique, Cacicus solitarius, is really the basal oropendola, so we move it to Psarocolius.

    The tribe Icterini contains only a single genus, Icterus. It's divided into three main clades, marked as subgenera of Icterus: Andriopsar, Icterus, and Pendulinus.

    A recent paper in the Auk by Barker et al. (2008b) provides further evidence that Lilian's Meadowlark, Sturnella lilianae should be considered a separate species. When I first saw lilianae back in 1999, I was told it was a potential split. It went into my escrow list at that point. Finally, the weight of evidence favors a split, and I follow that here. I'm presuming that AOU will eventually endorse this.

    Omland et al. (1999) found that the 4 subspecies of Icterus dominicensis fall into 3 separated groups. The group of two (dominicensis and northropi) differed by about 0.7% in DNA. The DNA separation is small enough that they could be subspecies, but large enough that they could be species. As the two are geographically separated and have distinctive plumages, I treat them as separate species. Accordingly, I split Greater Antillean Oriole into Cuban Oriole, Icterus melanopsis, Bahama Oriole, Icterus northropi, Hispaniolan Oriole, Icterus dominicensis, and Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis. The AOU NACC treats these as a single species, Greater Antillean Oriole. Interestingly, it is a fairly recent split from Black-cowled Oriole. The arrangement of these species follows Sturge et al. (2009), which has better taxon sampling.

    The Ochre Oriole, Icterus fuertesi, is also weakly, but distinctly, genetically separated (0.6%) from Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius. These are also geographically isolated and have distinctive plumage. To maintain a consistent standard, I also consider these separate species. There are other potential oriole splits that I don't have sufficient information on.

    Omland et al. also found that the Moriche Oriole, Icterus chrysocephalus is nested in the Epaulet Orioles. This whole complex has recently been studied by D'Horta et al. (2008). Although it has previously been divided into 6 subspecies, they found 4 phylogenetic species (subspecies) in two hybridizing clades, cayanensis/chrysocephalus and pyrrhopterus/tibialis. The subspecies valenciobuenoi appears to be a pyrrhopterus-tibialis hybrid while periporphyrus belongs to pyrrhopterus. There doesn't seem to be any evidence of recent interbreeding between the two groups, suggesting they are separate biological species. I recognize them here as Epaulet Oriole, Icterus cayanensis (including chrysocephalus) and Variable Oriole, Icterus pyrrhopterus (including tibialis). Although the name “Yellow-shouldered Oriole” has previously been used for pyrrhopterus (e.g., Sibley and Monroe, 1993), it doesn't describe the bird well as the epaulet color varies (pyrrhopterus itself has chestnut epaulets, the subspecies tibialis does have yellow epaulets). Variable Oriole was suggested in SACC proposal #418 and I use it here.

    Sturnellinae: Meadowlarks

    • Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
      Click for Icteridae I tree: Sturnellinae, Amblycercinae
      Click for Icteridae I tree:
      Sturnellinae, Amblycercinae
    • Yellow-headed Blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
    • Red-breasted Blackbird, Sturnella militaris
    • White-browed Blackbird, Sturnella superciliaris
    • Peruvian Meadowlark, Sturnella bellicosa
    • Pampas Meadowlark, Sturnella defilippii
    • Long-tailed Meadowlark, Sturnella loyca
    • Western Meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta
    • Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna
    • Lilian's Meadowlark, Sturnella lilianae

    Amblycercinae: Yellow-billed Cacique

    • Yellow-billed Cacique, Amblycercus holosericeus

    Agelaiinae: Blackbirds and Grackles

    Agelaiini

    • Cuban Blackbird, Dives atroviolaceus
      Click for Icteridae II tree: Agelaiinae
      Click for Icteridae II tree:
      Agelaiinae
    • Jamaican Blackbird, Nesopsar nigerrimus
    • Tawny-shouldered Blackbird, Agelaius humeralis
    • Yellow-shouldered Blackbird, Agelaius xanthomus
    • Tricolored Blackbird, Agelaius tricolor
    • Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
    • Red-shouldered Blackbird, Agelaius assimilis
    • Melodious Blackbird, Dives dives
    • Scrub Blackbird, Dives warczewiczi
    • Screaming Cowbird, Molothrus rufoaxillaris
    • Giant Cowbird, Molothrus oryzivorus
    • Bronzed Cowbird, Molothrus aeneus
    • Shiny Cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
    • Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater

    Quiscalini

    • Rusty Blackbird, Euphagus carolinus
    • Brewer's Blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus
    • Common Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
    • Nicaraguan Grackle, Quiscalus nicaraguensis
    • Carib Grackle, Quiscalus lugubris
    • Greater Antillean Grackle, Quiscalus niger
    • Boat-tailed Grackle, Quiscalus major
    • Great-tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus
    • Slender-billed Grackle, Quiscalus palustris

    Amblyramphini

    • Mountain Grackle / Colombian Mountain-Grackle, Macroagelaius subalaris
    • Golden-tufted Grackle / Golden-tufted Mountain-Grackle, Macroagelaius imthurni
    • Velvet-fronted Grackle, Lampropsar tanagrinus
    • Oriole Blackbird, Gymnomystax mexicanus
    • Red-bellied Grackle, Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster
    • Scarlet-headed Blackbird, Amblyramphus holosericeus
    • Austral Blackbird, Curaeus curaeus
    • Forbes's Blackbird, Curaeus forbesi
    • Chopi Blackbird, Gnorimopsar chopi
    • Yellow-winged Blackbird, Agelasticus thilius
    • Pale-eyed Blackbird, Agelasticus xanthophthalmus
    • Unicolored Blackbird, Agelasticus cyanopus
    • Bay-winged Cowbird / Baywing, Agelaioides badius
    • Bolivian Blackbird, Oreopsar bolivianus
    • Chestnut-capped Blackbird, Chrysomus ruficapillus
    • Yellow-hooded Blackbird, Chrysomus icterocephalus
    • Saffron-cowled Blackbird, Xanthopsar flavus
    • Yellow-rumped Marshbird, Pseudoleistes guirahuro
    • Brown-and-yellow Marshbird, Pseudoleistes virescens

    Icterinae: Caciques, Oropendolas, Orioles

    Cacicini: Caciques and Oropendolas

    • Yellow-winged Cacique / Mexican Cacique, Cassiculus melanicterus
      Click for Icteridae III tree: Icterinae
      Click for Icteridae III tree:
      Icterinae
    • Golden-winged Cacique, Cacicus chrysopterus
    • Ecuadorian Cacique, Cacicus sclateri
    • Selva Cacique, Cacicus koepckeae
    • Mountain Cacique, Cacicus chrysonotus
    • Red-rumped Cacique, Cacicus haemorrhous
    • Casqued Oropendola, Cacicus oseryi
    • Band-tailed Oropendola, Cacicus latirostris
    • Yellow-rumped Cacique, Cacicus cela
    • Scarlet-rumped Cacique, Cacicus uropygialis
    • Solitary Black Cacique / Solitary Cacique, Psarocolius solitarius
    • Chestnut-headed Oropendola, Psarocolius wagleri
    • Russet-backed Oropendola, Psarocolius angustifrons
    • Dusky-green Oropendola, Psarocolius atrovirens
    • Crested Oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus
    • Green Oropendola, Psarocolius viridis
    • Montezuma Oropendola, Psarocolius montezuma
    • Black Oropendola, Psarocolius guatimozinus
    • Baudo Oropendola, Psarocolius cassini
    • Olive Oropendola, Psarocolius bifasciatus

    Icterini: Orioles

    • Scott's Oriole, Icterus parisorum
    • Audubon's Oriole, Icterus graduacauda
    • Yellow-backed Oriole, Icterus chrysater
    • Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula
    • Black-backed Oriole, Icterus abeillei
    • Streak-backed Oriole, Icterus pustulatus
    • Bullock's Oriole, Icterus bullockii
    • Jamaican Oriole, Icterus leucopteryx
    • Orange Oriole, Icterus auratus
    • Yellow Oriole, Icterus nigrogularis
    • Altamira Oriole, Icterus gularis
    • Yellow-tailed Oriole, Icterus mesomelas
    • Spot-breasted Oriole, Icterus pectoralis
    • White-edged Oriole, Icterus graceannae
    • Venezuelan Troupial, Icterus icterus
    • Orange-backed Troupial, Icterus croconotus
    • Campo Troupial, Icterus jamacaii
    • Bar-winged Oriole, Icterus maculialatus
    • Black-vented Oriole, Icterus wagleri
    • Hooded Oriole, Icterus cucullatus
    • Black-cowled Oriole, Icterus prosthemelas
    • Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius
    • Ochre Oriole, Icterus fuertesi
    • Cuban Oriole, Icterus melanopsis
    • Bahama Oriole, Icterus northropi
    • Greater Antillean Oriole / Hispaniolan Oriole, Icterus dominicensis
    • Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis
    • St. Lucia Oriole, Icterus laudabilis
    • Montserrat Oriole, Icterus oberi
    • Martinique Oriole, Icterus bonana
    • Orange-crowned Oriole, Icterus auricapillus
    • Epaulet Oriole, Icterus cayanensis
    • Yellow-shouldered Oriole, Icterus pyrrhopterus

    Previous Page Next Page