FURNARIIDA I

Thamnophilidae: Antbirds Swainson, 1824

Antbird Chaos, Introduction

Click for Thamnophilidae genus tree

Due to Moyle et al. (2009), the taxonomy of the antbirds has been drastically changed. It was already clear from Brumfield et al. (2007) that changes were needed. Those two papers, with some help from Aleixo et al. (2009) and Irestedt et al. (2004b), drove this reorganization. Moyle et al. (2009) and Brumfield et al. (2007) find the same major clades (designated tribes by Moyle et al.) and many of the same subclades. This has been touched-up some using Belmonte-Lopes et al. (2012), Bravo et al. (2012a, b), Isler et al. (2013, 2014), and of course Harvey et al. (2020).

Two genera have posed particular problems: Myrmotherula and Myrmeciza. Isler et al. (2013) finished the dismemberment of Myrmeciza, and Myrmotherula is suffering a similar fate.

Antbird Chaos, Myrmotherula

We consider Myrmotherula first. It once comprised 41 species (TiF count as of 7/20/21). Those 41 species are now spread across 7 genera in 3 tribes: Microrhopiini, Formicivorini and Thamnophilini. The genera involved are Epinecrophylla, Myrmotherula, Neorhopias, Myrmopagis, Isleria, Rhopias, and a genus without a name that I'm temporarily calling "Myrmotherula". Although Myrmopagis can be construed as a single genus if using the Harvey et al. (2020) phylogeny, some of the other analyses require it be at least three genera, one of which doesn't have a name.

For Myrmotherula the process started when Isler et al. (2006) separated the stipple-throated species from the rest, creating the genus Epinecrophylla for them (Isler and Brumfield, 2006, type haematonota). This was a big step forward. The genus Epinecrophylla is fairly distant from the other Myrmotherula, over 16 million years distant. Accordingly, Myrmotherula is in the tribe Microrhopiini while the other Myrmotherula are mostly in Formicivorini, with the rest in Thamnophilini.

The remaining Myrmotherula were still not monophyletic (Hackett and Rosenberg, 1990; Irestedt et al, 2004b; Brumfield et al., 2007; Belmonte-Lopes, 2012; Bravo et al., 2014). These species fall into two broad groups, streaked and gray. The type species of Myrmotherula is in the streaked group, so they are the true Myrmotherula. However, these species alone do not form a clade. We have to add the distinctive, unstreaked, Black-and-white Antbird (previously Myrmochanes hemileucus) to complete the clade (Bravo et al., 2014).

The Black-and-white is a denizen of early successional habitats on river islands. I've only seen it once, on an island in the Rio Madeira near Novo Aripuanã. Birds of the World notes that “its preferred habitat often is totally submerged during the wet season, and therefore it must be able to fly reasonable distances over water to find suitable habitat, a behavior perhaps unique in the antbird family.” It's not exactly what one would expect to complete the genus, but there it is.

We still have 19 species left, all of which can be considered part of the gray group. But there's a problem. The gray “group” is not a clade. Many species of the gray group are closely related to Formicivora (Irestedt et al., 2004). Early analysis found them forming a paraphyletic grade rather than a clade (Bravo et al., 2014), but in Harvey et al. (2020), 12 of them form a clade, for which the name Myrmopagis is available. Since Myrmopagis is fairly homogeneous, I don't have a problem with that even though some of the species are a little distant (> 10 million years) to be in the same genus.

This clade divides naturally into three subclades, which arguably could be ranked as genera. One consists of the Gray and Leaden Antwrens (Poliolaema), the second is comprised of the White-flanked, Long-billed and Band-tailed Antwrens (Myrmopagis), the third consists of the rest of Myrmopagis and doesn't seem to have an available name.

This leaves us with 7 species of former Myrmotherula Four of them are closely related to Formicivora. We'll cover them first. These four, the three members of the Ihering's Antbird complex and the mysterious Rio de Janeiro Antwren, known only from the type specimen (included in the Harvey tree), are sister to the basal member of Formicivora. Formicivora is a rather heterogeneous genus, and its basal member, the Narrow-billed Antwren (F. iheringi) is only distantly related to the others. I have moved it and the Rio de Janeiro Antwren to the genus Neorhopias. Although the Ihering's Antbird complex (based on M. iheringi) is sister to Neorhopias, I have left it the temporary name "Myrmotheurla". There are three reasons for this. The genera Neorhopias and "Myrmotheurla" are visually distinct, there is substantial genetic distance between them (over 9 million years), and, we have a name conflict if both F. iheringi and M. iheringi appear in the same genus.

The last three former Myrmotheurla merely appear to be Myrmotheurla. In fact, they are 15 million years distant from Myrmotheurla, in the tribe Thamnophilini rather than Formicivorini. These include the Plain-throated and Rufous-bellied Antwrens, now in Isleria and the distinctive Star-throated Antwren, now called Rhopias gularis.

Antbird Chaos, Myrmeciza

The other problem genus is Myrmeciza. One big problem is that the traditional Myrmeciza pop up all over the tree. Brumfield et al. (2007) included 10 of the 22 Myrmeciza species in their study, and they ended up in 5 independent clumps. Irestedt et al. (2004b) identified another clump, and Isler et al. (2013) added a couple more. That gives us eight groups of "Myrmeciza", and Isler et al. (2013) showed us how to split them up.

1. The Yapacana Antbird, discovered by Friedmann (1945), was previously considered a rather aberrant Myrmeciza . Apparently the type specimen was molting, and Zimmer (1990) tells us that this has led to some inaccurate descriptions and illustrations of the species. Zimmer (1999) questioned whether it belonged in Myrmeczia (or in any currently existing genus). I had previously placed it next to Sclateria as Ridgely and Tudor (1994), Hilty (2003), and Zimmer and Isler (2003) drew attention to their similarity. Isler et al. (2013) included it in their analysis and found it best placed in a new monotypic genus next to Myrmophylax and Ammonastes. They named the genus Aprositornis, so the Yapacana Antbird is now Aprositornis disjuncta (Isler et al., 2013).
2. The next group is atrothorax and pelzelni. It and Aprositornis belong in Microrhopiini. I had previously separated these two species as Myrmophylax (Todd 1927, type atrothorax). However, Isler et al. (2013) note that the Black-throated Antbird, Myrmophylax atrothorax, and Gray-bellied Antbird are rather different. They created the new genus Ammonastes (Bravo et al., 2013) for the Gray-bellied Antbird, Ammonastes pelzelni.
3. Most of the "Myrmeciza" are in Pyriglenini, and we now turn to that. I'd previously moved four species: ferrugineus, ruficauda, loricatus, and squamosus to Myrmoderus (Ridgway 1909, type loricatus). Isler et al. (2013) support that decision. Since then, they have been joined by the recently described Cordillera Azul Antbird, Myrmoderus eowilsoni, which is included in Harvey et al. (2020).
4. There had previously been some question about whether the Myrmeciza type, longipes was part of the next group or not. Isler et al. (2013) resolved that. They are separate. They also recommended 3 genera for this rather heterogeneous group. The new genus Poliocrania (Bravo et al., 2013) applies to the Chestnut-backed Antbird, Poliocrania exsul, while the new genus Ampelornis (Isler et al, 2013) applies to the Gray-headed Antbird, Ampelornis griseiceps. is the new genus Ampelornis. The others are more similar, and all take the old name Sipia (Hellmayr 1924, type berlepschi). They are the Dull-mantled Antbird, S. laemosticta, Magdalena Antbird, S. palliata, Stub-tailed Antbird, S. berlepschi, and Esmeraldas Antbird, S. nigricauda.
   NB. S. palliata, has been split from Dull-mantled Antbird, S. laemosticta. See Chaves et al. (2010) and SACC #475.
5. The White-bellied Antbird, Myrmeciza longipes, is the type species of Myrmeciza. Amazingly, Isler et al. (2013) found that none of the putative Myrmeciza are closely related to it. Thus the former large genus Myrmeciza is reduced to a single species.
6. The Plumbeous Antbird, M. hyperythrus, is actually part of the Schistocichla group. This is a little surprising as most of the Schistocichla were formerly classified as a single species. Since hyperythrus is the type of Myrmelastes (Sclater 1858), and it is senior to Schistocichla (WEC Todd 1927), the whole group becomes Myrmelastes.
7. The next group had previously been treated as Myrmeciza3 in lieu of a proper name. Well, Isler et al. (2013) gave it two names: Hafferia (Isler et al., type immaculata) and Inundicola (Bravo et al., type melanoceps).
   
   There's a complication. As pointed out by Jobling, the name Akletos (Dunajewski 1948, type melanoceps) has priority over Inundicola. Dunajewski named the female as a separate species and genus, not realizing that the male was previously known. The SACC had it listed under “Hybrids and Dubious Taxa”. That Dunajewski named the female makes no difference as far as the Code is concerned, Akletos has priority.
   
   I wasn't originally convinced that there was so much difference as to justify two genera. However, Akletos and Hafferia are not sister taxa, so we need both. Donegan (2012a) suggested it might make sense to go even further and combine these taxa with Gymnocichla, Percnostola, and Pyriglena. I think that would make an overly large and overly heterogeneous genus.
   
   The members of Akletos are the White-shouldered Antbird, A. melanoceps, and Goeldi's Antbird, A. goeldii. As for Hafferia, it contains Sooty Antbird, H. fortis, Zeledon's Antbird, H. zeledoni and Blue-lored Antbird, H. immaculata. The last two are the former Immaculate Antbird, which has been split into Zeledon's and Blue-lored Antbirds. See Donegan (2012a).
8. Moving to Drymophilini, we find the group I'd formerly labeled Myrmeciza4. This clade now has a name, Sciaphylax (Bravo et al., 2013, type hemimelaena). It includes Zimmer's Antbird, Sciaphylax castanea and the Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Sciaphylax hemimelaena.

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Notes — Thamnophilidae

Bravo et al. (2012b) found that Terenura consisted of two unrelated clades. The type species of Terenura is close to the type of the Myrmotherula antwrens, while the other clade is the basal in the Antbird family, Thamnophilidae. Bravo et al. (2012b) established the genus name Euchrepomis and subfamily Euchrepomidinae to accomodate the basal clade.

I've split one of Moyle et al.'s tribes into two parts, Pithyini and Drymophilini. This is done to highlight the fact that most of the obligate army ant followers are in Pithyini. Indeed, of the 18 species of olibgate ant followers listed in Zimmer and Isler (2003, p.497), only the Pyriglena fire-eyes are outside of Pithyini. They are also a bit different from the Pithyini ant-followers in that they are sometimes found feeding away from ant swarms. Of the Pithyini, only the two Willisornis antbirds are not obligate ant-followers. Still, they are regular ant-followers (2 of 7 such species according to Zimmer and Isler; the other 5 are in Pyriglenini). In contrast, none of the Drymophilini are either obligate or regular ant-followers. For a fuller discussion of ant-following, see Zimmer and Isler (2003, pp.495-503).

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Thamnophilidae: Antbirds Swainson, 1824

68 genera, 251 species HBW-8

Notes — Myrmornithinae

Click for Thamnophilidae species tree

Wing-banded Antbird: Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and HBW Checklist, the Wing-banded Antbird, Myrmornis torquata, is split into:

• Northern Wing-banded Antbird, Myrmornis stictoptera
• Southern Wing-banded Antbird, Myrmornis torquata

Russet Antshrike: Based on SACC decisions #758 and #792.2, the Russet Antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus, is split into:

• Rufescent Antshrike, Thamnistes rufescens
• Russet Antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus

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Myrmornithinae Sundevall, 1872

1. Northern Wing-banded Antbird, Myrmornis stictoptera
2. Southern Wing-banded Antbird, Myrmornis torquata
3. Spot-winged Antshrike, Pygiptila stellaris
4. Russet Antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus
5. Rufescent Antshrike, Thamnistes rufescens

Notes — Euchrepomidinae

Rufous-rumped Antwren: Based on Harvey et al. (2020), Rufous-rumped Antwren, Euchrepomis callinota, has been split into:

• Guianan Rufous-rumped Antwren, Euchrepomis guianensis
• Western Rufous-rumped Antwren, Euchrepomis callinota

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Euchrepomidinae Bravo et al., 2012

1. Guianan Rufous-rumped Antwren, Euchrepomis guianensis
2. Western Rufous-rumped Antwren, Euchrepomis callinota
3. Yellow-rumped Antwren, Euchrepomis sharpei
4. Ash-winged Antwren, Euchrepomis spodioptila
5. Chestnut-shouldered Antwren, Euchrepomis humeralis

Thamnophilinae Swainson, 1824

Notes — Microrhopiini

Within Epinecrophylla, Stipple-throated Antwren, Epinecrophylla haematonota has been split into:

• Negro Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla pyrrhonota (north of the Napo and Solimões).
• Napo Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla haematonota (south of the Napo to the Marañón/Solimões).
• Madeira Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla amazonica (south of the Amazon, between the Juruá and the Madeira).
• Roosevelt Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla dentei (east of the Madeira).

These splits are based on Whitney et al. (2013d). See also the SACC discussion of proposal #589. Although the SACC had originally voted in 7-3 in favor of recognizing the Roosevelt Stipplethroat, one of the votes was reconsidered and changed, making it 6-4 in favor (i.e., it failed to get the required supermajority). For the present, it is still retained here. Note that the Napo Stipplethroat, E. haematonota and Brown-backed Antwren / Yasuni Antwren, E. fjeldsaai are quite closely related. An SACC proposal to lump them failed with an evenly split 5-5 vote.

Rondonia Bushbird: The Rondonia Bushbird, Clytoctantes atrogularis, has been transferred to Neoctantes based on Harvey et al. (2020).

Epinecrophylla: The English names of all the Epinecrophylla antwrens have been changed from Stipple-throated Antwren to Stipplethroat. See SACC #696.2.

Ornate Stipplethroat: Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and HBW Checklist the Ornate Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla ornata, is split into:

• Western Ornate Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla ornata
• Eastern Ornate Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla hoffmannsi

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Microrhopiini Moyle et al., 2009

1. Stripe-backed Antbird, Myrmorchilus strigilatus
2. Dot-winged Antwren, Microrhopias quixensis
3. Yapacana Antbird, Aprositornis disjuncta
4. Black-throated Antbird, Myrmophylax atrothorax
5. Gray-bellied Antbird, Ammonastes pelzelni
6. Recurve-billed Bushbird, Clytoctantes alixii
7. Black Bushbird, Neoctantes niger
8. Rondonia Bushbird, Neoctantes atrogularis
9. Checker-throated Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla fulviventris
10. Western Ornate Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla ornata
11. Eastern Ornate Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla hoffmannsi
12. Rufous-tailed Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla erythrura
13. White-eyed Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla leucophthalma
14. Brown-bellied Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla gutturalis
15. Foothill Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla spodionota
16. Madeira Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla amazonica
17. Roosevelt Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla dentei
18. Negro Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla pyrrhonota
19. Brown-backed Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla fjeldsaai
20. Napo Stipplethroat, Epinecrophylla haematonota

Notes — Formicivorini

Rio de Janeiro Antwren: The Rio de Janeiro Antwren, Myrmotherula fluminensis, has been transferred to genus Neorhopias.

Ihering's Antwren: Ihering's Antwren is sister to Neorhopias, but not closely, with 7 million years separation. Accordingly, I'm using a temporary genus for it, "Myrmotherula".

Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and the HBW Checklist, Ihering's Antwren, "Myrmotherula" iheringi is split into:

• Purus Antwren, "Myrmotherula" heteroptera
• Bamboo Antwren, "Myrmotherula" oreni
• Ihering's Antwren, "Myrmotherula" iheringi

The SACC had previously rejected splitting oreni (SACC proposal #618). The new information is that all three taxa are separated by over 2 million years, suggesting they act as species.

White-fringed Antwren: Based on Harvey et al. (2020), with and without the HBW Checklist, the White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora grisea into:

• Southern White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora grisea, including rufiventris
• Western White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora alticincta, including hondae and fumosa
• Northern White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora intermedia, including tobagensis and orenocensis

Parana/Marsh Antwren: The SACC English name of Parana Antwren, Formicivora acutirostris, has been changed to Marsh Antwren, matching IOC. See SACC #892.

I continue to treat Formicivora paludicola (Buzzetti et al,, 2013) as a subspecies of Marsh Antwren, Formicivora acutirostris.

Myrmopagis unified: Myrmopagis has grown. In the Harvey et al. (2020), the species previously designated as Myrmopagis2 (except fluminensis) and Myrmopagis3 can be and have been merged with Myrmopagis.

Silvery-flanked Antwren: The HBW Checklist considered Myrmopagis axillaris lucutosa and Neorhopias fluminensis to be the same bird and split it from the White-flanked Antwren, Myrmopagis axillaris. This turned out to be a mistake. Harvey et al. (2020) included both taxa. Measuring off the tree, their most recent common ancestor dates to about 11.7 mya. Not exactly conspecific! See also this web page from Regua.

Moreover, Harvey et al. found lucutosa embedded in the White-flanked Antwren, Myrmopagis axillaris. It could be that more sampling would reveal they are sister taxa, but even so, it's premature to split the White-flanked Antwren this way. The Harvey et al. tree suggests some other splits might work. The most divergent subspecies are heterozyga and fresnayana, with nearly 4 million years separation from the other subspecies. They may represent two species. The next clade consists of albigula and melaena, separated from the axillaris claded by 3 million years.

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Formicivorini Bonaparte, 1854

1. Streak-capped Antwren, Terenura maculata
2. Orange-bellied Antwren, Terenura sicki
3. Cherrie's Antwren, Myrmotherula cherriei
4. Black-and-white Antbird, Myrmotherula hemileuca
5. Pacific Antwren, Myrmotherula pacifica
6. Amazonian Streaked-Antwren, Myrmotherula multostriata
7. Guianan Streaked-Antwren, Myrmotherula surinamensis
8. Stripe-chested Antwren, Myrmotherula longicauda
9. Klages's Antwren, Myrmotherula klagesi
10. Sclater's Antwren, Myrmotherula sclateri
11. Yellow-throated Antwren, Myrmotherula ambigua
12. Moustached Antwren, Myrmotherula ignota
13. Pygmy Antwren, Myrmotherula brachyura
14. Narrow-billed Antwren, Neorhopias iheringi
15. Rio de Janeiro Antwren, Neorhopias fluminensis
16. Purus Antwren, "Myrmotherula" heteroptera
17. Bamboo Antwren, "Myrmotherula" oreni
18. Ihering's Antwren, "Myrmotherula" iheringi
19. Black-hooded Antwren, Formicivora erythronotos
20. Black-bellied Antwren, Formicivora melanogaster
21. Restinga Antwren, Formicivora littoralis
22. Serra Antwren, Formicivora serrana
23. Northern White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora intermedia
24. Southern White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora grisea
25. Rusty-backed Antwren, Formicivora rufa
26. Sincora Antwren, Formicivora grantsaui
27. Marsh Antwren, Formicivora acutirostris
28. Gray Antwren, Myrmopagis menetriesii
29. Leaden Antwren, Myrmopagis assimilis
30. White-flanked Antwren, Myrmopagis axillaris
31. Long-winged Antwren, Myrmopagis longipennis
32. Band-tailed Antwren, Myrmopagis urosticta
33. Salvadori's Antwren, Myrmopagis minor
34. Slaty Antwren, Myrmopagis schisticolor
35. Rio Suno Antwren, Myrmopagis sunensis
36. Plain-winged Antwren, Myrmopagis behni
37. Ashy Antwren / Yungas Antwren, Myrmopagis grisea
38. Unicolored Antwren, Myrmopagis unicolor
39. Alagoas Antwren, Myrmopagis snowi

Notes — Thamnophilini

Isleria: Bravo et al. (2012a) established the genus Isleria (type guttata) and moved both Plain-throated Antwren, Isleria hauxwelli and Rufous-bellied Antwren, Isleria guttata from Myrmotherula to the new genus.

Star-throated Antwren: Belmonte-Lopes et al. (2012) put the Star-throated Antwren (formerly Myrmotherula gularis) in the monotypic genus Rhopias (Cabanis and Heine 1860).

Great Antshrike: Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and HBW Checklist, the Great Antshrike, Taraba major, is split into:

• Western Great Antshrike, Taraba transandeanus
• Eastern Great Antshrike, Taraba major

Fulvous Antshrike: The Fulvous Antshrike, Frederickena fulva, has been split from Undulated Antshrike, Frederickena unduliger (Isler et al., 2009). Note that Plumbeous Antvireo, Dysithamnus plumbeus, and White-streaked Antvireo, Dysithamnus leucostictus, are now considered separate species here (Isler et al., 2008). The race tucuyensis is considered part of D. leucostictus.

Rufous-winged Antwren: Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and HBW Checklist, the Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, is split into:

• Northern Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus scapularis
• Southern Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus

I had previously split Rufous-winged Antwren into two species, based on the HBW Checklist, and a misreading of Harvey et al. (2020). But a closer look at Harvey et al. made me realize it was a mistake. The split did not match the phylogeny. In fact, Bravo et al. (2021) generated two phylogenies, one identical to Harvey et al., and the split doesn't match either one. What is clear is that frater and exiguus are sister taxa. The main phylogeny has scapularis is sister to rufimarginatus, and more distantly related to the frater–exiguus pair. The alternative has scapularis basal, then rufimarginatus, and finally the frater–exiguus pair. There is also substantial genetic distance (3 million years) between scapularis and frater–exiguus.

The HBW Checklist tells us that the vocalizations of rufimarginatus are distinctive, indicating a separate species. In contrast, scapularis has vocalizations that are apparently similar to frater and exiguus. So what are we to make of all this?

I think the best option is to also consider scapularis a separate species, and I have done so above. Given the disjunct ranges of the subspecies, I think we can live with the similarity in vocalizations.

Herpsilochmus antwrens: Two newly described antwrens have been included. The Aripuana Antwren, Herpsilochmus stotzi, was described by Whitney et al., (2013a). and the Predicted Antwren, Herpsilochmus praedictus, was described by Whitney et al., (2013b).

Black-crested Antshrike: Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and HBW Checklist, the Black-crested Antshrike, Sakesphorus canadensis, is split into:

• Streak-fronted Antshrike, Sakesphorus pulchellus (monotypic)
• Black-crested Antshrike, Sakesphorus canadensis

Western Slaty-Antshrike: Surprisingly, the former Western Slaty-Antshrike, Thamnophilus atrinucha, turned out to not be closely related to the other Slaty-Antshrikes. The SACC has renamed it Black-crowned Antshrike (SACC #556, SACC #570).

Rufous-capped Antshrike: Based on Harvey et al. (2020) and HBW Checklist, the Rufous-capped Antshrike, Thamnophilus ruficapillus, is split into:

• Northern Rufous-capped Antshrike, Thamnophilus subfasciatus
• Southern Rufous-capped Antshrike, Thamnophilus ruficapillus

Note that these are not sister species.

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Thamnophilini Swainson, 1824

1. Plain-throated Antwren, Isleria hauxwelli
2. Rufous-bellied Antwren, Isleria guttata
3. Spiny-faced Antshrike / Speckled Antshrike, Xenornis setifrons
4. Dusky-throated Antshrike, Thamnomanes ardesiacus
5. Saturnine Antshrike, Thamnomanes saturninus
6. Cinereous Antshrike, Thamnomanes caesius
7. Bluish-slate Antshrike, Thamnomanes schistogynus
8. Pearly Antshrike, Megastictus margaritatus
9. Banded Antbird, Dichrozona cincta
10. Star-throated Antwren, Rhopias gularis
11. Fasciated Antshrike, Cymbilaimus lineatus
12. Bamboo Antshrike, Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae
13. Western Great Antshrike, Taraba transandeanus
14. Eastern Great Antshrike, Taraba major
15. Spot-backed Antshrike, Hypoedaleus guttatus
16. Giant Antshrike, Batara cinerea
17. Large-tailed Antshrike, Mackenziaena leachii
18. Tufted Antshrike, Mackenziaena severa
19. Black-throated Antshrike, Frederickena viridis
20. Fulvous Antshrike, Frederickena fulva
21. Undulated Antshrike, Frederickena unduliger
22. Silvery-cheeked Antshrike, Sakesphoroides cristatus
23. Caatinga Antwren, Radinopsyche sellowi
24. White-bearded Antshrike, Biatas nigropectus
25. Streak-crowned Antvireo, "Dysithamnus" striaticeps
26. Spot-crowned Antvireo, "Dysithamnus" puncticeps
27. Plumbeous Antvireo, Dysithamnus plumbeus
28. Plain Antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis
29. White-streaked Antvireo, Dysithamnus leucostictus
30. Bicolored Antvireo, Dysithamnus occidentalis
31. Spot-breasted Antvireo, Dysithamnus stictothorax
32. Rufous-backed Antvireo, Dysithamnus xanthopterus
33. Pectoral Antwren, Herpsilochmus pectoralis
34. Western Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus frater
35. Eastern Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus scapularis
36. Southern Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
37. Roraiman Antwren, Herpsilochmus roraimae
38. Yellow-breasted Antwren, Herpsilochmus axillaris
39. Large-billed Antwren, Herpsilochmus longirostris
40. Dugand's Antwren, Herpsilochmus dugandi
41. Spot-tailed Antwren, Herpsilochmus sticturus
42. Ancient Antwren, Herpsilochmus gentryi
43. Spot-backed Antwren, Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus
44. Todd's Antwren, Herpsilochmus stictocephalus
45. Black-capped Antwren, Herpsilochmus atricapillus
46. Bahia Antwren, Herpsilochmus pileatus
47. Creamy-bellied Antwren, Herpsilochmus motacilloides
48. Ash-throated Antwren, Herpsilochmus parkeri
49. Predicted Antwren, Herpsilochmus praedictus
50. Aripuana Antwren, Herpsilochmus stotzi
51. Glossy Antshrike, Sakesphorus luctuosus
52. Streak-fronted Antshrike, Sakesphorus pulchellus
53. Black-crested Antshrike, Sakesphorus canadensis
54. Plain-winged Antshrike, Thamnophilus schistaceus
55. Mouse-colored Antshrike, Thamnophilus murinus
56. Barred Antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus
57. Northern Rufous-capped Antshrike, Thamnophilus subfasciatus
58. Southern Rufous-capped Antshrike, Thamnophilus ruficapillus
59. Rufous-winged Antshrike, Thamnophilus torquatus
60. Chapman's Antshrike, Thamnophilus zarumae
61. Bar-crested Antshrike, Thamnophilus multistriatus
62. Lined Antshrike, Thamnophilus tenuepunctatus
63. Chestnut-backed Antshrike, Thamnophilus palliatus
64. Black-hooded Antshrike, Thamnophilus bridgesi
65. Black-crowned Antshrike, Thamnophilus atrinucha
66. Collared Antshrike, Thamnophilus bernardi
67. Amazonian Antshrike, Thamnophilus amazonicus
68. Black-backed Antshrike, Thamnophilus melanonotus
69. Streak-backed Antshrike, Thamnophilus insignis
70. Acre Antshrike, Thamnophilus divisorius
71. Band-tailed Antshrike, Thamnophilus melanothorax
72. Black Antshrike, Thamnophilus nigriceps
73. Cocha Antshrike, Thamnophilus praecox
74. Blackish-gray Antshrike, Thamnophilus nigrocinereus
75. Castelnau's Antshrike, Thamnophilus cryptoleucus
76. Variable Antshrike, Thamnophilus caerulescens
77. Uniform Antshrike, Thamnophilus unicolor
78. White-shouldered Antshrike, Thamnophilus aethiops
79. Upland Antshrike, Thamnophilus aroyae
80. Northern Slaty-Antshrike, Thamnophilus punctatus
81. Natterer's Slaty-Antshrike, Thamnophilus stictocephalus
82. Planalto Slaty-Antshrike, Thamnophilus pelzelni
83. Bolivian Slaty-Antshrike, Thamnophilus sticturus
84. Sooretama Slaty-Antshrike, Thamnophilus ambiguus

Notes — Pyriglenini

Cordillera Azul Antbird: The newly discovered Cordillera Azul Antbird, Myrmoderus eowilsoni, has been added to the list. See Moncrieff et al. (2018) and SACC #763.

White-backed Fire-eye: Based on Isler and Maldonado-Coelho (2017), SACC #759, and Harvey et al. (2020), the White-backed Fire-eye, Pyriglena leuconota, is split into three species:

• Western Fire-eye, Pyriglena maura, including pacifica, picea, castanoptera, marcapatensis, and hellmayri
• Tapajos Fire-eye, Pyriglena similis, monotypic
• East Amazonian Fire-eye, Pyriglena leuconota, including interposita and pernambucensis

Given Isler and Maldonado-Coelho (2017), and their conclusion that castanoptera should be merged into picea, I didn't think there was enough evidence to recognize all of the subspecies groups in the HBW Checklist.

Akletos: Three species of Akletos have been transferred to Hafferia.

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Pyriglenini Moyle et al., 2009

1. Chestnut-backed Antbird, Poliocrania exsul
2. Gray-headed Antbird, Ampelornis griseiceps
3. Stub-tailed Antbird, Sipia berlepschi
4. Magdalena Antbird, Sipia palliata
5. Dull-mantled Antbird, Sipia laemosticta
6. Esmeraldas Antbird, Sipia nigricauda
7. Cordillera Azul Antbird, Myrmoderus eowilsoni
8. Ferruginous-backed Antbird, Myrmoderus ferrugineus
9. Scalloped Antbird, Myrmoderus ruficauda
10. White-bibbed Antbird, Myrmoderus loricatus
11. Squamate Antbird, Myrmoderus squamosus
12. Black-chinned Antbird, Hypocnemoides melanopogon
13. Band-tailed Antbird, Hypocnemoides maculicauda
14. Dot-backed Antbird, Hylophylax punctulatus
15. Spotted Antbird, Hylophylax naevioides
16. Spot-backed Antbird, Hylophylax naevius
17. Silvered Antbird, Sclateria naevia
18. Slate-colored Antbird, Myrmelastes schistaceus
19. Caura Antbird, Myrmelastes caurensis
20. Roraiman Antbird, Myrmelastes saturatus
21. Plumbeous Antbird, Myrmelastes hyperythrus
22. Rufous-faced Antbird, Myrmelastes rufifacies
23. Brownish-headed Antbird, Myrmelastes brunneiceps
24. Spot-winged Antbird, Myrmelastes leucostigma
25. Humaita Antbird, Myrmelastes humaythae
26. White-bellied Antbird, Myrmeciza longipes
27. Slender Antbird, Rhopornis ardesiacus
28. Black-faced Antbird, Myrmoborus myotherinus
29. White-browed Antbird, Myrmoborus leucophrys
30. Ash-breasted Antbird, Myrmoborus lugubris
31. Black-tailed Antbird, Myrmoborus melanurus
32. White-lined Antbird, Myrmoborus lophotes
33. White-shouldered Fire-eye, Pyriglena leucoptera
34. Fringe-backed Fire-eye, Pyriglena atra
35. East Amazonian Fire-eye, Pyriglena leuconota
36. Western Fire-eye, Pyriglena maura
37. Tapajos Fire-eye, Pyriglena similis
38. Bare-crowned Antbird, Gymnocichla nudiceps
39. White-shouldered Antbird, Akletos melanoceps
40. Goeldi's Antbird, Akletos goeldii
41. Black-headed Antbird, Percnostola rufifrons
42. Allpahuayo Antbird, Percnostola arenarum
43. Sooty Antbird, Hafferia fortis
44. Zeledon's Antbird, Hafferia zeledoni
45. Blue-lored Antbird, Hafferia immaculatus

Notes — Pithyini

Scale-backed Antbird: Isler and Whitney (2011) examined all seven subspecies of Willisornis. Differences between most of the races seemed consistent with their current status. However, they found that vidua exhibited significant vocal differences, and recommended elevating it to species status as Xingu Scale-backed Antbird, Willisornis vidua. I have followed their recommendation.

Skutchia: Aleixo et al. (2009) argued in favor of merging Skutchia into Phlegopsis, which has been done here.

White-lined Antbird: The White-lined Antbird, "Percnostola" lophotes, does not seem to belong to Percnostola. Isler et al. (2013) argue in favor of placing it in Myrmoborus, and that has been done here.

Oneillornis: Based on Isler et al. (2014), the Lunulated Antbird and White-throated Antbird have been moved from Gymnopithys to the new genus Oneillornis (Isler et al., 2014; type lunulatus) to avoid merging Gymnopithys and Rhegmatorhina.

Bicolored Antbird: Based on Brumfield et al. (2007) and discussion in SACC proposal #587, Bicolored Antbird, Gymnopithys leucaspis, has been split into:

• Bicolored Antbird, Gymnopithys bicolor, (Central America and NW South America, with subspecies olivascens, bicolor, daguae, aequatorialis, ruficeps)
• White-cheeked Antbird, Gymnopithys leucaspis (cis-Andean, with subspecies leucaspis, castaneus, lateralis, and peruanus).

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Pithyini: Ant-followers Ridgway, 1911

1. Ocellated Antbird, Phaenostictus mcleannani
2. White-plumed Antbird, Pithys albifrons
3. White-masked Antbird, Pithys castaneus
4. Common Scale-backed Antbird, Willisornis poecilinotus
5. Xingu Scale-backed Antbird, Willisornis vidua
6. Reddish-winged Bare-eye, Phlegopsis erythroptera
7. Black-spotted Bare-eye, Phlegopsis nigromaculata
8. Pale-faced Bare-eye, Phlegopsis borbae
9. Lunulated Antbird, Oneillornis lunulatus
10. White-throated Antbird, Oneillornis salvini
11. Rufous-throated Antbird, Gymnopithys rufigula
12. Bicolored Antbird, Gymnopithys bicolor
13. White-cheeked Antbird, Gymnopithys leucaspis
14. Chestnut-crested Antbird, Rhegmatorhina cristata
15. Hairy-crested Antbird, Rhegmatorhina melanosticta
16. Bare-eyed Antbird, Rhegmatorhina gymnops
17. White-breasted Antbird, Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi
18. Harlequin Antbird, Rhegmatorhina berlepschi

Notes — Drymophilini

Splitting Cercomacra: Tello et al. (2014) found that Cercomacra was not monophyletic. They proposed splitting Cercomacra into Cercomacra (type brasiliana) and a new genus, Cercomacroides, type tyrannina. That suggestion is followed here. Within Cercomacroides, the monotypic Riparian Antbird, Cercomacroides fuscicauda has been split from the Blackish Antbird, Cercomacroides nigrescens. See Mayer et al. (2014) and Tello et al. (2014).

Scaled Antbird: Transfered Scaled Antbird, Drymophila squamata to unnamed genus designated "Drymophila".

Yellow-browed Antbird: The Yellow-browed Antbird, Hypocnemis hypoxantha, is transferred from Hypocnemis to a new genus, temporarily designated "Hypocnemis". Although it is sister to all of Hypocnemis, it is a distant relative which separated about 8 mya.

Based on Harvey et al. (2020), the Yellow-browed Antbird is split into:

• Yellow-browed Antbird, "Hypocnemis" hypoxantha
• Ochre-vented Antbird, "Hypocnemis" ochraceiventris

There is a further complication. There is at least one undescribed population in areas not on the range map. We got good looks at one on a Bret Whitney led trip several years ago. He pointed it out as undescribed. I don't know if it will eventually be considered a species or subspecies.

Spix's Warbling-Antbird: Based on Cohn-Haft et al., (2013) and SACC proposal #588, Spix's Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis striata is split into:

• Manicore Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis rondoni
• Spix's Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis striata

The arrangement within Hypocnemis is based on Cohn-Haft et al., (2013).

Long-tailed Antbird: Following Isler et al. (2012), the former Long-tailed Antbird, Drymophila caudata, has been split into:

• Klages's Antbird, Drymophila klagesi, including aristeguietana
• Streak-headed Antbird, Drymophila striaticeps, including occidentalis, peruviana, and boliviana
• Santa Marta Antbird, Drymophila hellmayri (monotypic)
• East Andean Antbird, Drymophila caudata (monotypic)

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Drymophilini Swainson, 1826

1. Manu Antbird, Cercomacra manu
2. Rio de Janeiro Antbird, Cercomacra brasiliana
3. Gray Antbird, Cercomacra cinerascens
4. Mato Grosso Antbird, Cercomacra melanaria
5. Bananal Antbird, Cercomacra ferdinandi
6. Jet Antbird, Cercomacra nigricans
7. Rio Branco Antbird, Cercomacra carbonaria
8. Blackish Antbird, Cercomacroides nigrescens
9. Riparian Antbird, Cercomacroides fuscicauda
10. Willis's Antbird, Cercomacroides laeta
11. Black Antbird, Cercomacroides serva
12. Dusky Antbird, Cercomacroides tyrannina
13. Parker's Antbird, Cercomacroides parkeri
14. Zimmer's Antbird / Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Sciaphylax castanea
15. Chestnut-tailed Antbird / Southern Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Sciaphylax hemimelaena
16. Scaled Antbird, "Drymophila" squamata
17. Yellow-browed Antbird, "Hypocnemis" hypoxantha
18. Ochre-vented Antbird, "Hypocnemis" ochraceiventris
19. Yellow-breasted Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis subflava
20. Imeri Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis flavescens
21. Guianan Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis cantator
22. Peruvian Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis peruviana
23. Rondonia Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis ochrogyna
24. Manicore Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis rondoni
25. Spix's Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis striata
26. Ochre-rumped Antbird, Drymophila ochropyga
27. Rufous-tailed Antbird, Drymophila genei
28. Dusky-tailed Antbird, Drymophila malura
29. Bertoni's Antbird, Drymophila rubricollis
30. Ferruginous Antbird, Drymophila ferruginea
31. Striated Antbird, Drymophila devillei
32. Klages's Antbird, Drymophila klagesi
33. Streak-headed Antbird, Drymophila striaticeps
34. Santa Marta Antbird, Drymophila hellmayri
35. East Andean Antbird, Drymophila caudata

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