Columbaves

Otidimorphae

Columbimorphae

47 AVIAN ORDERS

Palaeognathae

Galloanserae

Mirandornithes

Columbaves

Otidimorphae

Columbimorphae

Elementaves

GRUAE

Opisthocomimorphae

Gruimorphae

Ardeae

Eurypygimorphae

Aequornithes

Strisores

Telluraves

Afroaves

Australaves

Columbimorphae Latham, 1790

The second superorder in Columbaves is Columbimorphae. As mentioned before, Figure ED-2, we see that Stiller et al. (2024) estimate the Otidimorphae and Columbimorphae happened early in the Paleocene, around 65.8 million years ago.

I follow the arrangment of the orders in Stiller et al. (2024), with the mesites sister to the sandgrouse, and the two together sister to the pigeons and doves. According to Stiller et al.'s point estimates, the splits between all three orders in Otidimorphae happened before 60 mya, with the pigeons and doves splitting from the mesites and sandgrouse about 65.4 mya with the mesites and sandgrouse split occurring about 61.8 mya.

Jarvis et al. (2014), Prum et al. (2015), Kuhl et al. (2021), Stiller et al. (2024) all concur that the mesites are sister to the sandgrouse, and all but Kuhl et al. place the combination sister to the doves and pigeons. Hackett et al. (2008) also considered the three groups a clade, but with a different arrangement. Kuhl et al. (2021) have a different take on Columbimorphae, and included the Cuculiformes as sister to the Columbiformes.

MESITORNITHIFORMES Wetmore 1960

Sharpe had earlier tried to establish such a suborder (Mesitides), but based it on the preoccupied genus name Mesites. I haven't been able to find uses of Mesitornis as a type genus earlier than Wetmore.

Mesitornithidae: Mesites Wetmore, 1960 (1850)

2 genera, 3 species HBW-3

PTEROCLIFORMES Huxley, 1868

Huxley (1868) first separated the sandgrouse as an order, using the name Pteroclomorphae, which modernizes to Pterocliformes.

Pteroclidae: Sandgrouse Bonaparte, 1831

4 genera, 16 species HBW-4

There has been some controversy about how to spell the family name. Although TiF has used Pteroclidae for a long time, back in 2010 both Pteroclidae (Clements, HBW, Sibley-Monroe) and Pteroclididae (AOU, BLI, Howard-Moore, IOC) were in general use, and even Pterocleidae had also been used. Since then, Pteroclidae has won the day. The name indicates it is known for its wing, i.e., “-cles” takes the same meaning as in names such as Heracles. By analogy with Heraclidae/Heracleidae, it would then appear that either Pteroclidae or Pterocleidae would be correct. Most importantly, the first is the form used by Bonaparte when he established the family-group name in 1831 (as the subfamily Pteroclinae), and is used here.

The arrangement here is based on Cohen (2011). There's a bit of ambiguity in Cohen's results. According to the nuclear DNA, the Pin-tailed Sandgrouse, Pterocles alchata, is the basal species. However, mitochondrial DNA puts it sister to Burchell's Sandgrouse, Calopterocles burchelli, albeit with mediocre support. Because of that ambiguity, I've put Burchell's Sandgrouse in its own genus, Calopterocles (Roberts, 1922). Further, Pterocles is now restricted to the Pin-tailed Sandgrouse. Most of the wedge-tailed sandgrouse, with a long 10th primary have been of the former Pterocles species have been moved to Syrrhaptes, which is buried deep inside that clade. The other former Pterocles have been separated as Nyctiperdix (Roberts, 1922, type bicinctus).

Click for genus-level Columbidae tree
Click for species-level
Pteroclidae tree

COLUMBIFORMES Latham, 1790

Columbidae: Doves, Pigeons Leach, 1820

57 genera, 352 species HBW-4

Following the split of the parrot families, Columbidae is the second-largest non-passerine family, just slightly smaller than the hummingbird family. Prum et al. (2015) and Stiller et al. (2024), both using cafeful calibrations, estimate that this crown-clade is no more than 25 million years old. Kuhl et al. (2021) only includes one species from Columbidae, so there is no estimate from them. In constrast, Oliver et al. (2023) estimate it is about 35 million years old, which I think is probably too old. Even worse is the calibration in Boyd et al. (2022), which looks like something went horribly wrong, yielding a crown-clade age of over 50 million years. The sad truth about calibration is that it is incredibly easy to get wrong.

Blue-headed Quail-Dove

The biggest change in Columbidae in 3.50 involves the Blue-headed Quail-Dove, Starnoenas cyanocephala. It's NOT a quail-dove. Olson and Wiley (2016) found it had a number of features in common with Australasian doves, and argued it belonged there. They called it an “Australasian dove marooned in Cuba.”

Bruxaux (2018) was able to get some DNA of the Blue-headed Quail-Dove. She analyzed it with other dove and pigeon DNA several different ways. The results are described in Figures 18--22. They make it very clear that Olson and Wiley were right. The Blue-headed Quail-Dove is NOT a Quail-Dove! It's not even close.

So what kind of pigeon or dove is it? Well, Bruxaux (2018) analyzed the data several ways, and there is no consensus. All had it on a very old branch of the Columbidae tree. It could even be sister to all the rest of the Columbidae, or related to the Phabini, echoing Olson and Wiley. In the end, I'm not sure what to do, so I put it in its own family Starnoenadinae (Bonaparte, 1855), and list it before the other pigeons and doves. However, I've not put in the phylogenetic tree. Instead, it floats right before the tree, to indicate the profound uncertainty concerning its affinities.

Columbidae Phylogeny

Click for genus-level Columbidae tree
Click for genus-level
Columbidae tree

The new arrangement of the Columbidae starts with the higher level studies of Prum et al. (2015) and Stiller et al. (2024). They found that the clades containing (1) Columbina, (2) Leptotila, and (3) Columba and Patagioenas are sisters. Further, that clade is sister a group of clades containing (4) Treron, (5) Alopecoenas (meaning Pampusana), (6) Caloenas, and (7) Ptilinopus.

The above represent 7 of the 8 clades that form Columbidae, which we mostly rank as tribes. Using the same numbering as above, the eight tribes are (1) Claravini = Claravinae, (2) Zenaidini, (3) Columbini, (8) Chalcophabini, (4) Treronini, (5) Phabini, (6) Raphini, and (7) Ptilinopini. Don't forget that there's also Starnoenas, which is in its own subfamily. Chalcophabini and Treronini often cluster together, but has low support in Oliver et al. (2023).

The Columbidae genus tree shows how these fit together. The family Claravinae consists of a single tribe, Claravini. It's sister group, Columbinae, contains both Zenaidini and Columbini. These two subfamilies together are sister to a second pair of subfamilies, Treroninae and Raphinae. The former pairs Chalcopahbini and Treronini. The later is the small tribe Raphini together with the large group Ptilinopini, containing the Imperial Pigeons and Fruit Doves.

At the species leve, we mainly follow Oliver et al.'s (2023) BEAST tree (Figure S-2). This causes some divergence from the IOC 14.1 treatment. Nonetheless, I have adopted a number of splits and some name changes that align the species list with IOC, even though the order I list them in is different.

Except for the above change, the Columbidae phylogentic trees mostly follow the paper by Oliver et al. (2023) (supplanting Pereira et al., 2007). It provides a pretty comprehensive DNA-based phylogenetic tree. The arrangement above tribal level has been a bit unstable as various papers have come out. Basing it on Prum et al. (2015) and Stiller et al. (2024) may fix this.

Although the dodos and Rodriguez Solitaire (genera Raphus and Pezophaps) were traditionally considered a separate family in the Columbiformes, the DNA says otherwise. Shapiro et al. (2002) and Pereira et al. (2007) found that these two genera are buried deeply within the Columbidae, in the Raphinae. Although the Rodriguez Solitaire is a dove, the Reunion Solitaire seems to have actually been an ibis! See Mourer-Chauviré et al. (1995).

What is clear is that the DNA reveals three major clades. The basal clade includes a subclade (Zenaidini) consisting of the New World genera Geotrygon, Leptotila, Zenaida, together with a subclade (Columbini) containing the New World pigeons (including the Passenger Pigeon), as well as typical pigeons, cuckoo-doves, and turtle-doves. It is sister to the clade of New World Ground-Doves (Claravinae). The remining major clade contains all the remaining doves. I rank these three major clades as subfamilies: Columbinae, Claravinae, and Raphinae.

The name Peristerinae is sometimes used for Claravinae. However, this is incorrect as Peristerinae is based on the genus Peristera (Swainson 1827), which is a junior homonym of the mollusc genus Peristera (Rafinesque 1815). Thus Peristerinae is not available. The genus Peristera (Swainson 1827) was replaced by Claravis (Oberholser 1899). Todd (not Richmond) established the subfamily Claravinae in 1917, which he misspelled as Claraviinae (Dickinson and Raty, 2015).

The arrangement of Claravinae is based on Sweet and Johnson (2015). As a result, the Purple-winged Ground-Dove, Claravis geoffroyi and Maroon-chested Ground-Dove, Claravis mondetoura have been moved to Metriopelia.

The name Raphidae has often been used for a family containing dodos and solitaires. That is true here also, but the dodos and solitaires are nested well within our subfamily Raphinae, and even deeper in the family Columbidae.

The subfamily Columbinae was earlier studied in more detail by Johnson and Clayton (2000), Johnson et al. (2001), Gonzalez et al. (2009a), and Johnson and Weckstein (2011). Zenaidini and the species in Streptopelia and Columba, but not Patagioenas, have been rearranged accordingly. Although Johnson et al. (2001) argued that Nesoenas should be merged into Streptopelia, Cheke (2005) makes the case for instead moving the Malagasy Turtle-Dove to Nesoenas and distinguishing the Laughing and Spotted Doves in a separate genus. The results of Gonalez et al. (2009a) support this move, as do those of Oliver et al. (2023).

In the case of Nesoenas, both Nesoenas and Homopelia (type picturatus) have equal priority, being both named in the same work of Salvadori 1893. Cheke acted as first reviser, choosing Nesoenas. The Laughing Dove is the type of Stigmatopelia (Sundevall 1873) while the Spotted Dove is the type of Spilopelia (also Sundevall 1873). Cheke attempts to designate Stigmatopelia as the genus, but Schodde and Mason had previously (1997) chosen Spilopelia, so Spilopelia they become.

The work by Johnson and Weckstein (2011) showed that Geotrygon as usually constituted is paraphyletic with its members belonging to 3 separate clades. The Olive-backed Quail-Dove is sister to Leptotila. Banks et al. (2013) establish the genus Leptotrygon for it. The remaining quail-doves fall into at least two groups. Although Johnson and Weckstein did not include the type of Geotrygon (versicolor), a further analysis by Banks et al. (2013) included it and chrysia. The other “Geotrygon” form a clade sister to Zenaida. Banks et al. (2013) have now established the name Zentrygon for it (type costaricensis).

Jønsson et al. (2011a) and Moyle et al. (2013) studied the Alopecoenas (Pampusana) ground-doves and Gallicolumba bleeding-hearts. Jønsson et al. found that Gallicolumba was paraphyletic, and recommended splitting it into Gallicolumba (bleeding-hearts) and Alopecoenas (Australasian ground-doves). Their phylogenetic trees seemed to indicate there was still paraphyly even with the restricted Gallicolumba. The further analysis by Moyle et al. revealed issues with pseudogenes that were causing some confusion. Their results support placing the Crested Pigeon in the genus Ocyphaps. Finally, the three extinct Alopecoenas are most likely closely related to A. sanctaecrucis and A. stairi, and their placement reflects this.

2024 Changes

Zenaidini Changes

The Purple Quail-Dove Geotrygon purpurata, has been split from Sapphire Quail-Dove, Geotrygon saphirina based on SACC proposal #566.

Columbini Changes

I've moved the Lemon Dove and the three Bronze-naped Pigeons from Columba to Aplopelia, Bonaparte 1855. This genus has traditionally been used for the Lemon Dove, which is it's type. The comprehensive genetic analysis of Oliver et al. (2023) sampled two of the Bronze-naped Pigeons (iriditorques and malherbii). Both grouped with the Lemon Dove rather than with the rest of Columba. (3.50)

The English names of White-faced Dove, Turacoena manadensis, and Black Dove, Turacoena modesta, have been changed to White-faced Cuckoo-Dove and Black Cuckoo-Dove to match recent IOC changes. Further,

The following splits in Macropygia are based on Ng et al. (2016).

Streptopelia Collared Doves: Both subspecies of Island Collared-Dove, Streptopelia bitorquata, are elevated to species rank. They become Philippine Collared-Dove, Streptopelia dusumieri, and and Sunda Collared-Dove, Streptopelia bitorquata. See Eaton et al. (2016) and Allen (2020). (3.50)

The monotypic Burmese Collared-Dove, Streptopelia xanthocycla, is split from the now monotonic Eurasian Collared-Dove, Streptopelia decaocto. Burmese Collared-Dove can be distinguished by its yellow eye ring, darker overall, and different song. It seems amazing that the very widespread Euraisan Collared-Dove has only one subspecies, but then I recall that even the range expansion in Europe is recent, and in North America even more recent. (3.50)

Treronini Changes

Treron Green Pigeons: The Whistling Green-Pigeon, Treron formosae, is split into Taiwan Green-Pigeon, Treron formosae, which includes filipinus and Ryukyu Green-Pigeon, Treron permagnus, including medioximus. See Brazil (2009) and Allen (2020). (3.50)

Phabini Changes

The Norfolk Ground-Dove, formerly Pampusana norfolciensis, becomes Pampusana norfolkensis. The old name had been supressed by the ICZN. The new name is due to Forshaw (2015).

Raphini Changes

The order of genera in Raphini follows Oliver et al. (2023), which is slightly different from Bruxaux et al. (2018). Microgoura has been rather uncertinly placed using Bruxaux (2018), Figs. 20 and 22 (but not Fig. 21, which is rather different).

Sclater's Crowned-Pigeon, Goura sclaterii has been split from Southern Crowned-Pigeon, Goura scheepmakeri, now called Scheepmaker's Crowned-Pigeon. See del Hoyo and Collar (2014) and Bruxaux et al. (2018) on the split.

Ptilinopini Changes

Gibb and Penny (2010) investigated the fruit-doves and close relatives. They confirmed Shapiro et al.'s (2002) result that Alectroenas and Drepanoptila are embedded in fruit-dove genus Ptilinopus. Cibois et al. (2014) concured in their more complete analysis of the enlarged Ptilinopus. Moreover, they were able to include most Ptilinopus species. The current arrangement of Ptilinopus is based on their results.

They suggested a six genus treatment that retained Alectroenas and Drepanoptila, and placed parts of Ptilinopus successively in Megaloprepia, Ramphiculus, and Chrysoena. However, it was already clear from the analyses in their paper that Ptilinopus was still not monophyletic! At the time, I just lumped them all into Ptilinopus, although it was not really a good solution.

The more recent study by Oliver et al. (2023) gives a tree where only a single Ptilinopus species is out of place, the Black-naped Fruit-Dove. There seems to be a genus for it Spilotreron, Salvadori, 1882. There's just one problem. The type is melanocephalus, Forster, 1781. The 4th ed. of H&M lists 10 of these in the index, but none is a dove. HBW vol. 4 only says that melanospila has been erroneously listed as melanocephalus. I've see them equated in older sources, and on that basis I take melanospilus as the type of Spilotreron. I don't know why melanocephalus, which would have almost a century of priority, has been abandoned. The most recent use I've found was in the 1950's. (3.50)

In summary, I've carved the following 6 genera out of Ptilinopus:

Ducula Imperial Pigeons: The monotypic Malabar Imperial Pigeon, Ducula cuprea is split from Mountain Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula badia. See Niranjana & Praveen (2021). (3.50)

The monotypic Enggano Imperial Pigeon, Ducula oenothorax is split from Green Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula aenea, based on plumage. See Eaton et al. (2021), del Hoyo & Collar (2014). (3.50)

The monotypic Geelvink Imperial Pigeon, Ducula geelvinkiana is split from Spice Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula myristicivora, based on voice and plumage. See Beehler & Pratt (2016), Gregory (2017). (3.50)

Ptilinopus Fruit Doves: The English name of the Scarlet-capped Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus insularis, has been changed to Henderson Fruit-Dove. (3.50)

Based on Rheindt et al. (2011a), the Maroon-chinned Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus subgularis is split into 3 species:

The Black-banded Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus alligator, has been split from Banded Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus cinctus. Given present knowledge, it's fairly arbitrary whether to split or lump these allopatric forms. However, one is in Australia, the other in the Lesser Sundas, and the current tendency is for such forms to be split.

The monotypic Geelvink Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus speciosus is split from Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus solomonensis, which includes 8 other subspecies. See Gregory (2017). (3.50)

The monotypic Purple-capped Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus ponapensis and the monotypic Kosrae Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus hernsheimi are split from the Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus porphyraceus, which still includes fasciatus. See Cibois et al. (2014) and Hayes et al. (2016). (3.50)

The monotypic Raiatea Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus chrysogaster, is split from Gray-green Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus purpuratus, which includes frater. See Cibois et al. 2014. (3.50)

The English name of Scarlet-capped Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus insularis), which occurs only near Henderson Island, is now Henderson Fruit-Dove (3.50).

List of Columbidae: Doves, Pigeons Leach, 1820

50 genera, 352 species HBW-4

Starnoenadinae: Blue-headed Quail-Dove Bonaparte, 1855

  1. Blue-headed Quail-Dove, Starnoenas cyanocephala

Claravinae: American Ground-Doves Todd, 1917

  1. Blue Ground-Dove, Claravis pretiosa
  2. Long-tailed Ground-Dove, Uropelia campestris
  3. Maroon-chested Ground-Dove, Paraclaravis mondetoura
  4. Purple-winged Ground-Dove, Paraclaravis geoffroyi
  5. Golden-spotted Ground-Dove, Metriopelia aymara
    Click for Claravinae tree
    Click for Claravinae tree
  6. Black-winged Ground-Dove, Metriopelia melanoptera
  7. Bare-faced Ground-Dove, Metriopelia ceciliae
  8. Bare-eyed Ground-Dove / Moreno's Ground-Dove, Metriopelia morenoi
  9. Blue-eyed Ground-Dove, Columbina cyanopis
  10. Picui Ground-Dove, Columbina picui
  11. Croaking Ground-Dove, Columbina cruziana
  12. Inca Dove, Columbina inca
  13. Scaled Dove, Columbina squammata
  14. Common Ground-Dove, Columbina passerina
  15. Ecuadorian Ground-Dove, Columbina buckleyi
  16. Ruddy Ground-Dove, Columbina talpacoti
  17. Plain-breasted Ground-Dove, Columbina minuta

Columbinae Leach, 1820

Zenaidini: New World Doves and Quail-Doves Bonaparte, 1853

  1. Purple Quail-Dove, Osculatia purpurata
  2. Sapphire Quail-Dove, Osculatia saphirina
  3. Key West Quail-Dove, Geotrygon chrysia
  4. Bridled Quail-Dove, Geotrygon mystacea
  5. Violaceous Quail-Dove, Geotrygon violacea
  6. Ruddy Quail-Dove, Geotrygon montana
  7. Gray-fronted Quail-Dove, Geotrygon caniceps
  8. Crested Quail-Dove, Geotrygon versicolor
  9. White-fronted Quail-Dove, Geotrygon leucometopia
    Click for Zenaidini tree
    Click for Zenaidini tree
  10. Olive-backed Quail-Dove, Leptotrygon veraguensis
  11. Caribbean Dove, Leptotila jamaicensis
  12. White-tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi
  13. Gray-fronted Dove, Leptotila rufaxilla
  14. Large-tailed Dove / Yungas Dove, Leptotila megalura
  15. Grenada Dove, Leptotila wellsi
  16. Gray-headed Dove, Leptotila plumbeiceps
  17. Brown-backed Dove / Azuero Dove, Leptotila battyi
  18. Pallid Dove, Leptotila pallida
  19. Gray-chested Dove, Leptotila cassinii
  20. Tolima Dove, Leptotila conoveri
  21. Ochre-bellied Dove, Leptotila ochraceiventris
  22. White-winged Dove, Zenaida asiatica
  23. West Peruvian Dove, Zenaida meloda
  24. Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura
  25. Socorro Dove, Zenaida graysoni
  26. Zenaida Dove, Zenaida aurita
  27. Eared Dove, Zenaida auriculata
  28. Galapagos Dove, Zenaida galapagoensis
  29. Buff-fronted Quail-Dove, Zentrygon costaricensis
  30. Tuxtla Quail-Dove, Zentrygon carrikeri
  31. Purplish-backed Quail-Dove, Zentrygon lawrencii
  32. White-faced Quail-Dove, Zentrygon albifacies
  33. White-throated Quail-Dove, Zentrygon frenata
  34. Lined Quail-Dove, Zentrygon linearis
  35. Chiriqui Quail-Dove, Zentrygon chiriquensis
  36. Russet-crowned Quail-Dove, Zentrygon goldmani

Columbini Leach, 1820

  1. †Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius
  2. Band-tailed Pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata
  3. Ring-tailed Pigeon, Patagioenas caribaea
  4. Chilean Pigeon, Patagioenas araucana
  5. Scaled Pigeon, Patagioenas speciosa
  6. White-crowned Pigeon, Patagioenas leucocephala
  7. Scaly-naped Pigeon, Patagioenas squamosa
  8. Ruddy Pigeon, Patagioenas subvinacea
  9. Short-billed Pigeon, Patagioenas nigrirostris
  10. Dusky Pigeon, Patagioenas goodsoni
  11. Plumbeous Pigeon, Patagioenas plumbea
    Click for Columbini tree, part I
    Click for Columbini tree,
    Part I
  12. Plain Pigeon, Patagioenas inornata
  13. Red-billed Pigeon, Patagioenas flavirostris
  14. Peruvian Pigeon / Maranon Pigeon, Patagioenas oenops
  15. Spot-winged Pigeon, Patagioenas maculosa
  16. Pale-vented Pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis
  17. Bare-eyed Pigeon, Patagioenas corensis
  18. Picazuro Pigeon, Patagioenas picazuro
  19. Great Cuckoo-Dove, Reinwardtoena reinwardti
  20. Pied Cuckoo-Dove, Reinwardtoena browni
  21. Crested Cuckoo-Dove, Reinwardtoena crassirostris
  22. Black Cuckoo-Dove, Turacoena modesta
  23. White-faced Cuckoo-Dove, Turacoena manadensis
  24. Sula Cuckoo-Dove, Turacoena sulaensis
  25. Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia nigrirostris
  26. Barred Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia unchall
  27. MacKinlay's Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia mackinlayi
  28. Little Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia ruficeps
  29. Andaman Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia rufipennis
  30. Barusan Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia modiglianii
  31. Enggano Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia cinnamomea
  32. Amboyna Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia amboinensis
  33. Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia doreya
  34. Ruddy Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia emiliana
  35. Flores Sea Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia macassariensis
  36. Timor Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia magna
  37. Tanimbar Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia timorlaoensis
  38. Philippine Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia tenuirostris
  39. Brown Cuckoo-Dove, Macropygia phasianella
  40. Laughing Dove, Spilopelia senegalensis
  41. Spotted Dove, Spilopelia chinensis
  42. Malagasy Turtle-Dove, Nesoenas picturata
  43. Pink Pigeon, Nesoenas mayeri
  44. †Rodrigues Pigeon, Nesoenas rodericana
  45. Philippine Collared-Dove, Streptopelia dusumieri
  46. Sunda Collared-Dove, Streptopelia bitorquata
  47. Red Collared-Dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica
  48. Oriental Turtle-Dove, Streptopelia orientalis
  49. European Turtle-Dove, Streptopelia turtur
  50. Adamawa Turtle-Dove, Streptopelia hypopyrrha
  51. Dusky Turtle-Dove, Streptopelia lugens
  52. Red-eyed Dove, Streptopelia semitorquata
  53. Vinaceous Dove, Streptopelia vinacea
  54. Ring-necked Dove, Streptopelia capicola
  55. Mourning Collared-Dove, Streptopelia decipiens
  56. Eurasian Collared-Dove, Streptopelia decaocto
  57. Burmese Collared-Dove, Streptopelia xanthocycla
  58. African Collared-Dove, Streptopelia roseogrisea
  59. White-winged Collared-Dove, Streptopelia reichenowi
  60. Lemon Dove, Aplopelia larvata
  61. Western Bronze-naped Pigeon, Aplopelia iriditorques
  62. Island Bronze-naped Pigeon, Aplopelia malherbii
  63. Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon, Aplopelia delegorguei
  64. †Bonin Woodpigeon, Columba versicolor
  65. †Ryukyu Woodpigeon, Columba jouyi
  66. Black Woodpigeon, Columba janthina
  67. Metallic Pigeon, Columba vitiensis
  68. Yellow-legged Pigeon, Columba pallidiceps
  69. White-headed Pigeon, Columba leucomela
  70. Ashy Woodpigeon, Columba pulchricollis
    Click for Columbini tree, part II
    Click for Columbini tree,
    part II
  71. Nilgiri Woodpigeon, Columba elphinstonii
  72. Andaman Woodpigeon, Columba palumboides
  73. Sri Lanka Woodpigeon, Columba torringtoniae
  74. Pale-capped Pigeon, Columba punicea
  75. Silvery Pigeon, Columba argentina
  76. Laurel Pigeon, Columba junoniae
  77. Speckled Woodpigeon, Columba hodgsonii
  78. White-naped Pigeon, Columba albinucha
  79. Sao Tome Olive-Pigeon, Columba thomensis
  80. Cameroon Olive-Pigeon, Columba sjostedti
  81. African Olive-Pigeon, Columba arquatrix
  82. Comoros Olive-Pigeon, Columba pollenii
  83. Common Woodpigeon, Columba palumbus
  84. Trocaz Pigeon, Columba trocaz
  85. Bolle's Pigeon, Columba bollii
  86. Afep Pigeon, Columba unicincta
  87. Speckled Pigeon, Columba guinea
  88. White-collared Pigeon, Columba albitorques
  89. Snow Pigeon, Columba leuconota
  90. Rock Pigeon / Rock Dove, Columba livia
  91. Hill Pigeon, Columba rupestris
  92. Stock Dove, Columba oenas
  93. Yellow-eyed Pigeon, Columba eversmanni
  94. Somali Pigeon, Columba oliviae

Treroninae: Emerald and Wood Doves, Green-Pigeons G.R. Gray, 1840

Chalcophabini: Emerald and Wood Doves Bonaparte, 1855

  1. Stephan's Emerald-Dove, Chalcophaps stephani
  2. Common Emerald-Dove, Chalcophaps indica
  3. Pacific Emerald-Dove, Chalcophaps longirostris
  4. Namaqua Dove, Oena capensis
  5. Tambourine Dove, Turtur tympanistria
    Click for Treroninae tree
    Click for Treroninae tree
  6. Blue-headed Wood-Dove, Turtur brehmeri
  7. Blue-spotted Wood-Dove, Turtur afer
  8. Black-billed Wood-Dove, Turtur abyssinicus
  9. Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove, Turtur chalcospilos

Treronini: Green-Pigeons G.R. Gray, 1840

  1. Cinnamon-headed Green-Pigeon, Treron fulvicollis
  2. Ashy-headed Green-Pigeon, Treron phayrei
  3. Philippine Green-Pigeon, Treron axillaris
  4. Buru Green-Pigeon, Treron aromaticus
  5. Thick-billed Green-Pigeon, Treron curvirostra
  6. Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon, Treron griseicauda
  7. Sumba Green-Pigeon, Treron teysmannii
  8. Flores Green-Pigeon, Treron floris
  9. Timor Green-Pigeon, Treron psittaceus
  10. Gray-fronted Green-Pigeon, Treron affinis
  11. Sri Lanka Green-Pigeon, Treron pompadora
  12. Andaman Green-Pigeon, Treron chloropterus
  13. Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon, Treron apicauda
  14. Sumatran Green-Pigeon, Treron oxyurus
  15. Yellow-vented Green-Pigeon, Treron seimundi
  16. White-bellied Green-Pigeon, Treron sieboldii
  17. Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon, Treron sphenurus
  18. Taiwan Green-Pigeon, Treron formosae
  19. Ryukyu Green Pigeon, Treron permagnus
  20. Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon, Treron bicinctus
  21. Pink-necked Green-Pigeon, Treron vernans
  22. Little Green-Pigeon, Treron olax
  23. Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon, Treron phoenicopterus
  24. Large Green-Pigeon, Treron capellei
  25. Comoros Green-Pigeon, Treron griveaudi
  26. Bruce's Green-Pigeon, Treron waalia
  27. Madagascan Green-Pigeon, Treron australis
  28. African Green-Pigeon, Treron calvus
  29. Sao Tome Green-Pigeon, Treron sanctithomae
  30. Pemba Green-Pigeon, Treron pembaensis

Raphinae: Old World Doves and Pigeons Wetmore, 1930 (1835)

Phabini: Australasian Pigeons and Doves Bonaparte, 1853

  1. Sulawesi Ground-Dove, Diopezus tristigmatus
  2. Cinnamon Ground-Dove, Gallicolumba rufigula
  3. Mindoro Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba platenae
  4. Sulu Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba menagei
  5. Mindanao Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba crinigera
  6. Luzon Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba luzonica
  7. Negros Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba keayi
  8. New Guinea Bronzewing, Henicophaps albifrons
  9. New Britain Bronzewing, Henicophaps foersteri
  10. Wetar Ground-Dove, Pampusana hoedtii
  11. White-breasted Ground-Dove, Pampusana jobiensis
  12. Marquesan Ground-Dove, Pampusana rubescens
  13. White-fronted Ground-Dove, Pampusana kubaryi
    Click for Phabini tree
    Click for Phabini tree
  14. White-throated Ground-Dove, Pampusana xanthonura
  15. Polynesian Ground-Dove, Pampusana erythroptera
  16. Palau Ground-Dove, Pampusana canifrons
  17. Bronze Ground-Dove, Pampusana beccarii
  18. Tongan Ground-Dove, Pampusana stairi
  19. Santa Cruz Ground-Dove, Pampusana sanctaecrucis
  20. †Thick-billed Ground-Dove, Pampusana salamonis
  21. †Tanna Ground-Dove, Pampusana ferruginea
  22. †Norfolk Ground-Dove, Pampusana norfolkensis
  23. Wonga Pigeon, Leucosarcia melanoleuca
  24. Crested Pigeon, Ocyphaps lophotes
  25. White-quilled Rock-Pigeon, Petrophassa albipennis
  26. Chestnut-quilled Rock-Pigeon, Petrophassa rufipennis
  27. Bar-shouldered Dove, Geopelia humeralis
  28. Diamond Dove, Geopelia cuneata
  29. Zebra Dove, Geopelia striata
  30. Barred Dove, Geopelia maugeus
  31. Peaceful Dove, Geopelia placida
  32. Flock Bronzewing, Phaps histrionica
  33. Common Bronzewing, Phaps chalcoptera
  34. Brush Bronzewing, Phaps elegans
  35. Spinifex Pigeon, Geophaps plumifera
  36. Partridge Pigeon, Geophaps smithii
  37. Squatter Pigeon, Geophaps scripta

Raphini: Terrestral Pigeons Wetmore, 1930 (1835)

  1. †Choiseul Pigeon, Microgoura meeki
    Click for Raphini tree
    Click for Raphini tree
  2. Thick-billed Ground-Pigeon, Trugon terrestris
  3. Pheasant Pigeon, Otidiphaps nobilis
  4. †Dodo, Raphus cucullatus
  5. †Rodrigues Solitaire, Pezophaps solitaria
  6. Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica
  7. †Spotted Green Pigeon, Caloenas maculata
  8. Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris
  9. Western Crowned-Pigeon, Goura cristata
  10. Sclater's Crowned-Pigeon, Goura sclaterii
  11. Scheepmaker's Crowned-Pigeon, Goura scheepmakeri
  12. Victoria Crowned-Pigeon, Goura victoria

Ptilinopini: Fruit-Doves and Imperial-Pigeons Selby, 1835

  1. White-eared Brown-Dove, Phapitreron leucotis
  2. Amethyst Brown-Dove, Phapitreron amethystinus
  3. Tawitawi Brown-Dove, Phapitreron cinereiceps
  4. Mindanao Brown-Dove, Phapitreron brunneiceps
  5. New Zealand Pigeon, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
  6. Chatham Pigeon, Hemiphaga chathamensis
  7. Topknot Pigeon, Lopholaimus antarcticus
    Click for Ptilinopini tree, part I
    Click for Ptilinopini tree,
    part I
  8. Papuan Mountain-Pigeon, Gymnophaps albertisii
  9. Buru Mountain-Pigeon, Gymnophaps mada
  10. Seram Mountain-Pigeon, Gymnophaps stalkeri
  11. Pale Mountain-Pigeon, Gymnophaps solomonensis
  12. Sombre Pigeon, Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa
  13. Zoe's Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula zoeae
  14. Malabar Imperial Pigeon, Ducula cuprea
  15. Mountain Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula badia
  16. Dark-backed Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula lacernulata
  17. Timor Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula cineracea
  18. Spotted Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula carola
  19. Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula mindorensis
  20. Gray-headed Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula radiata
  21. Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula poliocephala
  22. White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula forsteni
  23. Cinnamon-bellied Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula basilica
  24. Finsch's Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula finschii
  25. Rufescent Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula chalconota
  26. Purple-tailed Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula rufigaster
  27. Green Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula aenea
  28. Nicobar Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula nicobarica
  29. Enggano Imperial Pigeon, Ducula oenothorax
  30. Elegant Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula concinna
  31. Spectacled Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula perspicillata
  32. Seram Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula neglecta
  33. Gray Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula pickeringii
  34. Island Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula pistrinaria
  35. Pink-headed Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula rosacea
  36. Christmas Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula whartoni
  37. Red-knobbed Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula rubricera
  38. Spice Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula myristicivora
  39. Geelvink Imperial Pigeon, Ducula geelvinkiana
  40. Micronesian Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula oceanica
  41. Marquesan Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula galeata
  42. Pacific Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula pacifica
  43. Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula aurorae
  44. Goliath Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula goliath
  45. Barking Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula latrans
  46. Collared Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula mullerii
  47. Black Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula melanochroa
  48. Vanuatu Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula bakeri
  49. Pinon's Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula pinon
  50. Chestnut-bellied Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula brenchleyi
  51. Pied Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula bicolor
  52. Silver-tipped Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula luctuosa
  53. Torresian Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula spilorrhoa
  54. Yellowish Imperial-Pigeon, Ducula subflavescens
    Click for Ptilinopini species tree, part II
    Click for Ptilinopini tree,
    part II
  55. Scarlet-breasted Fruit-Dove, Megaloprepia bernsteinii
  56. Wompoo Fruit-Dove, Megaloprepia magnifica
  57. Flame-breasted Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus marchei
  58. Cream-breasted Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus merrilli
  59. Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus occipitalis
  60. Red-eared Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus fischeri
  61. Jambu Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus jambu
  62. Oberholser's Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus epius
  63. Banggai Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus subgularis
  64. Sula Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus mangoliensis
  65. Black-chinned Fruit-Dove, Ramphiculus leclancheri
  66. Orange Fruit-Dove, Chrysoena victor
  67. Golden Fruit-Dove, Chrysoena luteovirens
  68. Whistling Fruit-Dove, Chrysoena layardi
  69. Negros Fruit-Dove, ``Spilotreron'' arcanus
  70. Black-naped Fruit-Dove, Spilotreron melanospilus
  71. Madagascan Blue-Pigeon, Alectroenas madagascariensis
  72. †Mauritius Blue-Pigeon, Alectroenas nitidissima
  73. Comoros Blue-Pigeon, Alectroenas sganzini
  74. Seychelles Blue-Pigeon, Alectroenas pulcherrima
  75. Cloven-feathered Dove, Drepanoptila holosericea
  76. Dwarf Fruit-Dove, Drepanoptila naina
  77. Pink-headed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus porphyreus
  78. Banded Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus cinctus
  79. Red-naped Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus dohertyi
  80. Black-banded Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus alligator
  81. Superb Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus superbus
  82. White-bibbed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus rivoli
  83. Geelvink Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus speciosus
  84. Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus solomonensis
  85. Tanna Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus tannensis
  86. Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus iozonus
  87. Claret-breasted Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus viridis
  88. White-headed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus eugeniae
  89. Knob-billed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus insolitus
  90. Gray-headed Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus hyogastrus
  91. Carunculated Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus granulifrons
  92. Pink-spotted Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus perlatus
  93. Orange-fronted Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus aurantiifrons
  94. Wallace's Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus wallacii
  95. Ornate Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus ornatus
  96. Beautiful Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus pulchellus
  97. Blue-capped Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus monacha
  98. Coroneted Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus coronulatus
  99. Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus regina
  100. White-capped Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii
  101. †Red-moustached Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus mercierii
  102. Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus porphyraceus
  103. Red-bellied Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus greyi
  104. Purple-capped Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus ponapensis
  105. Kosrae Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus hernsheimi
  106. Palau Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus pelewensis
  107. Mariana Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
  108. Silver-capped Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus richardsii
  109. Many-colored Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus perousii
  110. Gray-green Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus purpuratus
  111. Lilac-crowned Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus rarotongensis
  112. Raiatea Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus chrysogaster
  113. Rapa Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus huttoni
  114. Henderson Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus insularis
  115. Makatea Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus chalcurus
  116. Atoll Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus coralensis

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